Fasa Lambobin Hakika Hard Rock: Fasahar DTH mai Canjin Wasan.
Dangane da yanayin yanayin wurin ginin, akwai manyan hanyoyin hakowa guda huɗu da na'urorin haƙowa ke amfani da su, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto na 1.
a. Kawuna rotary da ke tafiyar da iska mai huhu ko na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa hade da kayan aikin tasiri suna watsa jujjuyawa da kuzarin tasiri ta cikin samanbututu mai raɗaɗi, isar da kuzari ga ɗimbin rawar jiki ta igiyoyin girgiza a cikin bututun rawar soja. Wannan hanya tana iyakance ga ƙananan diamita da zurfin zurfi kuma ana amfani da ita gabaɗaya a wuraren haƙora, wuraren gine-gine, da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai na ƙarƙashin ƙasa.
b.Down-The-Hole (DTH) guduma suna a kasan igiyar rawar soja. Ƙunƙarar iska ta shiga cikin DTH ta hanyar igiyar rawar soja, tana tuki piston a cikin motsi mai maimaitawa wanda ke tasiri kai tsaye ga rawar rawar jiki, yana canza ƙarfin tasiri zuwa dutsen. Wannan tsarin yana da ƙarancin ƙarfin hasara kuma ya dace musamman don ramuka masu zurfi, ramuka madaidaiciya, da matsakaitan duwatsu.
c.Reverse circulation (RC) hakowayana amfani da DTH don tattarawa da jigilar samfuran dutse daga fuskar ma'aunin rawar soja. Ana isar da busassun bushes da marasa gurɓatawa ta tsakiyar bututun DTH a cikin na'urar tattara samfuran, suna shirya don nazarin yanayin ƙasa.
d. Akwatin gear da injin injin ruwa ko lantarki ke motsa shi yana samar da shugaban wutar lantarki mai jujjuyawa, yana amfani da isassun ƙarfin ciyarwa zuwa mazugi mai mazugi uku ta hanyar tsarin ciyarwa wanda ke motsawa sama da ƙasa akan na'urar rawar soja da bututu mai kauri. Ana amfani da wannan hanyar don duwatsu masu laushi ko kuma ƙaƙƙarfan haɗe-haɗe.
- Ka'idoji da Halayen DTH
Siffofin da aka haƙa tare da DTH kusan gaba ɗaya suna iya haɗawa da duk wasu duwatsu masu banƙyama, duwatsun metamorphic, da duwatsu masu ratsa jiki waɗanda ke da matsakaici-wuya ko wuya. DTH yana da fa'ida musamman don hako dutse mai kauri da tauri saboda dutsen mai wuya yakan yi karko. Ƙarƙashin nauyin tasiri, raguwa ba kawai yana faruwa a wurin tasiri na kai tsaye ba amma har ma ya haifar da yanki mai karye, wanda ya haifar da manyan gutsutsutsun dutse. Don haka, saurin hakowa yana da sauri sosai idan aka kwatanta da hakowa mai tsafta. Samfurin injina a cikin Hoto na 2 yana misalta nau'ikan lodi daban-daban da ke aiki akan dutsen yayin hakowa mai jujjuyawa.
Bugu da kari, hakowa na DTH (Down-the-Hole) yana da matukar tasiri a cikin gyare-gyaren da ke fuskantar karkacewar rijiyoyin burtsatse, irin su matsuguni masu ingantaccen shimfida da shimfidar wuri, ko shimfidar dutse mai taurin mara daidaito da karaya da yawa. Yana iya rage karkatar da rijiyoyin burtsatse sosai tare da shawo kan matsalolin hakowa ta hanyar tsakuwa da gadaje na dutse.
An haɓaka hakar DTH a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 kuma yana da tarihin sama da ƙarni guda. Ko da yake akwai nau'o'in nau'i na DTH da yawa, suna raba nau'i na gama gari: duka tsarin tasiri da na'urar rawar jiki suna nutsewa cikin rijiyar burtsatse, tare da juyawa tare da tasiri don karya dutsen. Ana iya rarraba kayan aikin da ake amfani da su don samar da tasirin tasiri ta hanyar hanyar tuki zuwa nau'in pneumatic, na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa, matsa lamba mai, lantarki, da nau'in inji.
Tun da tasirin makamashi yana fuskantar babban asara yayin watsawa kuma yana iya haifar da babbar illa ga abubuwan da abin ya shafa, gabaɗaya ana buƙata a cikin ayyukan haƙowa mai zurfi cewa kayan aikin su shiga cikin rijiyar burtsatse tare da kayan aikin haƙowa, ta yadda ƙarfin tasirin fitarwa zai iya yin aiki kai tsaye akan ɗigon rawar soja ko ainihin ganga. Wannan yana rage asarar makamashi yayin watsawa, yana inganta ingantaccen makamashi, kuma yana rage yuwuwar gazawar kayan aikin ƙasa.
Pneumatic DTH, wanda kuma aka sani da DTH mai sarrafa iska, ya zo cikin nau'ikan tsari da hanyoyin rarrabawa da yawa.
- Ta hanyar ƙididdigewa: matsa lamba mai girma, matsakaici-matsayi, da ƙananan nau'in nau'i.
- Ta hanyar tsarin gabaɗaya: ba ta hanyar ba kuma ta nau'ikan.
- Ta hanyar ka'idar aikin bawul: nau'in bawul mai sarrafawa, nau'in bawul na kyauta, da nau'in bawul ɗin matasan.
- Ta tsarin piston: piston diamita daidai, piston diamita mara daidaituwa, da nau'ikan piston tandem.
- Ta nau'in rarraba iska: valved DTH da bawul DTH. Valved DTH za a iya raba zuwa faranti bawul, Disc bawul, da cylindrical bawul iri, yayin da valveless DTH za a iya raba tsakiyar sanda shaye nau'in, piston iska rarraba nau'i, da kuma hada da iska rarraba ta piston, Silinda, da kuma tsakiyar sanda.
- Ta hanyar wankin rami da hanyar zubar da ruwa: wankin rami na tsakiya, wanke ramin gaba, da wankin ramin gefe.
2. Ƙayyadaddun Tsare-tsaren Tsare-tsaren Tsarin Tasirin Mechanism
2.1 Piston Kai-Gas Samar da Makarantun Tasirin Ba-Valve
Irin wannan tsarin tasiri da farko yana amfani da hanyoyin iskar gas a cikin piston da kansa don samar da iskar gas, wanda ke haifar da hadadden tsarin piston tare da tashoshi masu yawa na iskar gas, wanda ke rage ƙarfin piston da tsawon rayuwa. Duk da haka, wannan tasirin tasiri yana haɗakar da silinda na ciki da na waje, yana ƙara tasirin aiki mai tasiri na piston da haɓaka tasirin tasirin injin.
2.2 Fistan da Silinda Haɗakar Gas Samar da Makarantun Tasirin Mara Rarraba
Wannan nau'in yana da tsari mai sauƙi wanda ke da sauƙin ƙira, yana da tsawon rayuwar piston, kuma ramukan gas suna kan duka silinda da piston. Ana amfani da wannan tsari sosai a ƙasashen waje.
2.3 Cibiyar Samar da iskar Gas mara ƙarfi
A cikin wannan tsarin, ana shirya hanyoyin shigar da iska na ɗakuna na sama da na ƙasa akan bututun madauwari inda fistan ke zamewa. Yana buƙatar madaidaicin masana'anta kuma yana da ɗan gajeren rayuwa don bututun tsakiya.
2.4 Tsarin Tasirin Tasirin Gefe
Abin da ake kira shaye-shaye na gefe yana nufin cewa hanyar iskar iskar gas ta fita daga jikin silinda maimakon wucewa ta tsakiyar rami zuwa kasan ramin. Irin wannan nau'in tsarin tasiri yawanci yana da hanyoyi masu yawa da shaye-shaye a jikin silinda, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin tsarin ƙarfi, yuwuwar faɗuwar gajiya mai tsayi, da babban hasara na matsa lamba na iska, wanda ke haifar da kawar da tarkace da kuma sanyaya sakamako ga rawar rawar soja.
2.5 Tsarin Tasirin Tasirin Cibiyar Ciki
Irin wannan nau'in tasirin tasirin yana fitar da tarkace da iskar gas kai tsaye daga tsakiyar ɗigon bulo zuwa kasan ramin. Gudun iska kai tsaye ba kawai yana haɓaka aikin kawar da tarkace ba har ma yana inganta aikin hakowa da sanyaya, yana tsawaita tsawon lokacin rawar sojan. Wannan nau'in tsarin yana maye gurbin ɗimbin tsagi na tsayin daka a cikin silinda na ciki na hanyoyin tasiri na shayewar gefe tare da tsagi na shekara-shekara, yana rage damuwa sosai a cikin silinda ta ciki. Ya zama tsarin da aka karɓe sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.
2.6 Tsarin Tasirin Tsarin Piston
Tsarin tasirin fistan, wanda kuma aka sani da mai tasiri mai dual-piston (kai), yana raba silinda zuwa ɗakuna biyu ta amfani da zoben keɓewa. Wannan zane yana ba da damar duka fuskokin piston suyi aiki lokaci guda a cikin diamita guda ɗaya, yana haifar da mafi girman ƙarfin tasiri da mafi girman tasiri. Hakazalika, akwai tsarin shaye-shaye guda biyu wanda ke kawar da foda mai kyau daga kasan ramin. Duk da haka, babban koma bayansa shine tsarinsa mai rikitarwa da kuma buƙatar babban daidaito a sassa na inji; alal misali, piston yana da sama-sama na mating har guda biyar tare da abubuwan haɗin gwiwa, wanda ke iyakance aikace-aikacensa da haɓakawa. Sabili da haka, wannan ƙirar tana ɗaukar zaɓi na biyu, wanda shine tsarin tasirin tasirin bawul tare da piston da silinda haɗewar iskar gas. Ana nuna tsarin sa a hoto na 3.
3.Bincike na Theoretical da Lissafi masu dacewa don DTH
3.1 Zaɓin Ma'aunin Aiki**
3.1.1 Tsawon Guduma da Nauyi: Ƙirar farko ta ƙayyade tsawon ƙasa da 4500 mm da nauyin ƙasa da 2500 kg.
3.1.2 Hammer Diamita: An ƙaddara diamita mai dacewa dangane da diamita na hakowa, saita a 540 mm.
3.1.3 Diamita Hakowa: Wannan yana nufin diamita na ramin tari, gabaɗaya tsakanin 550 mm zuwa 600 mm.
3.1.4 Zurfin Hakowa: Dangane da buƙatun ƙira, wannan yawanci yana tsakanin mita goma sha biyu da mita ɗari.
3.1.5 Gudun Drill: DTH hakowa gabaɗaya yana aiki a ƙananan saurin juyawa, yawanci tsakanin 7 zuwa 25 r/s.
3.1.6 Juyawa Juyawa: Matsakaicin juzu'i na wannan ƙira an saita shi a 150 kN·m.
3.2 Lissafin Ma'aunin Ƙira
Abubuwan da aka tsara don DTH, musamman ma'auni na kayan aiki na kayan aikin tasiri na DTH, suna aiki a matsayin tushen ƙirar injin da kuma ayyana aikin kayan aikin da aka ƙera.
3.2.1 Ƙirar Ƙira P don Kayayyakin Tasiri
A kasar Sin, an zaɓi matsa lamba na 0.49 MPa (kimanin 5 × 10 ^ 5 Pa) azaman ƙirar ƙira don kayan aikin tasirin pneumatic. Ganin cewa DTH don wannan ƙira shine na'urar tasiri maras amfani da babban diamita na hakowa da piston mai nauyi, matsa lamba mafi girma zai kara haɓaka aikin. Bugu da ƙari, matsa lamba mai ƙarfi na iska suna ƙara zama gama gari, kuma bisa ga ƙa'idodin ISO 5941-1979 na duniya, an zaɓi matsa lamba na 1.6 MPa.
3.2.2 Ikon Tasiri
Don DTH da aka yi amfani da shi don tono manyan ramukan diamita, ƙirar tasirin tasirin makamashi na iya canzawa sosai. An ƙididdige tasirin makamashi don wannan ƙira kamar haka:
3.2.3 Yawan Tasiri
Gabaɗaya, ƙarƙashin ƙarfin tasiri akai-akai, tasirin tasirin ya yi daidai da ƙarfin fitarwa na mai tasiri. Koyaya, lokacin da aka daidaita diamita na Silinda, haɓaka mitar tasirin yana buƙatar raguwar bugun bugun piston, wanda hakan yana rage tasirin tasiri guda ɗaya. Da zarar ƙarfin tasiri guda ɗaya ya faɗi ƙasa da ƙayyadaddun ƙira, haɓaka mitar ba zai haifar da gamsassun sakamako masu karya dutse ba. Don haka, zaɓin mitar tasiri yana ƙuntata ta ikon tasiri.
Don DTH mai huhu da ke aiki a matsa lamba na 0.5 MPa, mitar kada ta wuce 16.8 Hz. Tun da DTH yana aiki a matsi na ƙira tsakanin 0.5 da 2.5 MPa, tasirin tasirin zai iya bambanta sosai. Za a iya ƙididdige zaɓin farko na mitar mai tasiri kamar haka:
f = 10.4 + 7.6P
(2) inda P shine matsi na samar da tsarin. Don wannan ƙirar, P = 1.6 MPa, saboda haka:
f = 10.4 + 7.6 × 1.6 = 22.5 Hz.
3.3 Tsare Tsare Tsare
Babban sigogin tsarin DTH sun haɗa da diamita na silinda, bugun piston, da girman piston. Ƙara diamita na Silinda zai iya haɓaka ƙarfin tasiri da mita biyu, don haka ya kamata a ƙara girman diamita a cikin iyakokin girman tsarin. Yawanci, bambanci tsakanin diamita na waje na DTH da diamita na ɗaki bai kamata ya zama ƙasa da 15 zuwa 20 mm ba, kuma murfin waje na DTH bai kamata ya zama bakin ciki ba. Saboda haka, da rabo daga DTH Silinda diamita zuwa hakowa diamita ne kullum sama da 0.5.
3.3.1 Diamita Mai Aiki na Silinda da Bugewar Tsarin
Ana iya ƙididdige diamita na aiki na D na Silinda kamar haka:
D = K × D (bare) = (0.57 - 0.68) × D (bare) (3)
Don wannan zane, D (bore) = 600 mm, don haka D yana ɗaukar 360 mm. Tsarin bugun jini S ana ɗaukar shi azaman S = 500 mm.
3.3.2 Piston Mass
Girman radial na fistan suna takurawa girman da tsarin silinda, yana ba da damar ko dai daidai ko kuma daban-daban pistons diamita. Matsakaicin madaidaicin ya dogara da nauyin fistan, wanda kuma yana da alaƙa da saurin da yake da shi lokacin da ake bugun bugun. Sabili da haka, ƙayyadaddun ma'auni na piston wani abu ne mai rikitarwa na ƙirar DTH. Ana iya ƙididdige yawan piston DTH kamar haka:
m = 0.0205D^2.84 (4)
inda m piston taro a kg; D shine diamita na aiki na silinda a cm.
Sauya D = 36 da ake samu: m = 540 kg.
DTH galibi ya ƙunshi tsarin watsa karfin juyi da kuma tsarin tasiri na pneumatic. Tsarin watsa karfin juyi yana haɗa sandar rawar soja da DTH, watsa jujjuyawar yankewa da ja da ƙarfi; tsarin tasirin pneumatic yana haifar da tasiri, yana ba da ikon axial zuwa tasirin rawar jiki. Ana nuna ƙayyadaddun bayanan tsari a cikin hoto na 3.
Tsarin watsa karfin juyi yana haɗa sandar rawar soja da mai tasiri. Haɗin gwiwa na sama yana haɗuwa tare da sandar rawar soja da mai tasiri ta hanyar zaren bututu, da farko don tabbatar da ƙarancin iskar gas yayin da kuma ke watsa juzu'i da jan ƙarfi. Bawul ɗin dubawa yana hana laka da ruwa shiga cikin tasirin tasiri da sandar rawar soja, mai sarrafa maɓuɓɓugar ruwa. Wurin zama mai ɗaukar iska tare da sandar samar da iskar gas don shigar da iska mai matsa lamba a cikin silinda, yana sauƙaƙe aikin samar da iskar gas tare da Silinda da fistan, ta haka ne ke samun isassun iskar gas ɗin da aka haɗa. Zoben aminci na bazara yana hana piston daga zamewa daga silinda lokacin maye gurbin rawar soja.
3.4 Ƙayyadadden Ƙididdigar Ƙimar DTH Drill Bit
DTH rawar soja yana fuskantar tasirin tasiri daga piston da juzu'i daga shugaban tuƙi. Ƙarfin da ake yi a kan piston ta iskar da aka matsa yana bayarwa ta:
F = P × S (5)
inda P shine matsa lamba na tsarin a Pa; S shine yanki mai ƙarfi na piston a m².
Don haka, F = 1.6 × 10^6 × 0.084 = 134400 N.
Don haka, tasirin tasirin akan rawar rawar shine:
F = kF (6)
inda k shine tasirin tasiri; F shine ƙarfin da aka yi akan bututun da aka matse ta cikin N. Don haka, F' = 20 × 134400 = 2688 kN.
Ƙunƙarar da aka yi amfani da shi ga DTH drill bit ta shugaban motar shine N = 150 kN. Aiwatar da F' = 2688 kN da N = 150 kN zuwa ɗigon rawar jiki yayin da ake gyara ƙananan ƙarshen ƙarshen ɗigon, da kuma amfani da kayan QT500-7 tare da ƙarfin amfanin ƙasa na 320 MPa, ana yin nazari na ƙarshe. Ana nuna takamaiman yanayin lodi da ƙuntatawa da rarraba raga a cikin Figures 4 da 5.
Ana nuna sakamakon bincike na ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun abubuwa a cikin Hoto na 6, yana nuna cewa matsakaicin matsananciyar damuwa shine 144.355 MPa, wanda ya kasance ƙasa da ƙarfin samar da QT500-7 (320 MPa), don haka saduwa da bukatun.