Gucamo kode yo gucukura amabuye akomeye: Umukino-Guhindura DTH Ikoranabuhanga.
Ukurikije imiterere ya geologiya y’ahantu hubakwa, hari uburyo bune bwingenzi bwo gucukura bukunze gukoreshwa n’ibikoresho byo gucukura, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo 1.
a. Pneumatike cyangwa hydraulic itwarwa nu mutwe uhinduranya hamwe nibikoresho bigira ingaruka zohereza imbaraga zingaruka ningaruka zinyuze hejuru yaumuyoboro, gutanga ingufu mumyitozo bito binyuze mumashanyarazi mumiyoboro. Ubu buryo bugarukira gusa kuri diametre ntoya nubujyakuzimu kandi bukoreshwa muri kariyeri, ahazubakwa, no mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro.
b.Hasi-Umuyoboro (DTH) inyundo biherereye hepfo yumurongo wimyitozo. Umwuka ucometse winjira muri DTH unyuze mumurongo wimyitozo, utwara piston mugikorwa cyo kwisubiraho bigira ingaruka kumyitozo ya bito, ihererekanya ingufu zingaruka kubutare. Sisitemu ifite imbaraga nkeya kandi irakwiriye cyane cyane kubyobo byimbitse, umwobo ugororotse, hamwe nubutare bukomeye.
c.Gusubira inyuma (RC) gucukuraikoresha DTH gukusanya no gutwara ingero zurutare mumaso ya bito bito. Ibiti byumye kandi bitanduye bitangwa binyuze mu muyoboro wo hagati wa DTH mu bikoresho byo gukusanya icyitegererezo, bitegura gusesengura geologiya.
d. Imashini ya gare itwarwa na moteri ya hydraulic cyangwa amashanyarazi ikora umutwe wimbaraga zuzunguruka, ugakoresha imbaraga zihagije zo kugaburira biti ya cone eshatu binyuze muri sisitemu yo kugaburira izamuka ikamanuka hejuru yimyitozo hamwe numuyoboro wuzuye winkuta. Ubu buryo bukoreshwa kubutare bworoshye cyangwa bihujwe cyane nubutare bukomeye.
- Amahame n'ibiranga DTH
Imiterere yacukuwe na DTH hafi ya yose irashobora gushiramo amabuye yose yaka, amabuye ya metamorphic, hamwe nubutare bwimitsi igoye-ikomeye cyangwa ikomeye. DTH ifite akamaro kanini mu gucukura urutare rukomeye kandi rukomeye kuko urutare rukomeye rukunda gucika. Mugihe cyimitwaro yingaruka, kuvunika ntibiboneka gusa ahabigenewe ingaruka ahubwo binarema agace kacitse, bivamo ibice binini byamabuye. Kubwibyo, umuvuduko wo gucukura urihuta cyane ugereranije no kuzenguruka neza. Imiterere yubukanishi ku gishushanyo cya 2 yerekana imitwaro itandukanye ikora ku rutare mugihe cyo gucukura kuzenguruka.
Byongeye kandi, gucukura DTH (Hasi-ya-Hole) bifite akamaro kanini muburyo bukunda gutandukana na borehole, nka strata ifite uburiri bwateye imbere neza hamwe na folisiyasi, cyangwa ibice byubutare bifite ubukana butaringaniye kandi byavunitse. Irashobora kugabanya cyane gutandukana kwa borehole kandi ikanatsinda ingorane zo gucukura hifashishijwe amabuye ya kaburimbo hamwe nigitanda cya amabuye.
Gucukura DTH byakozwe mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19 kandi bifite amateka arenga ikinyejana. Nubwo hari ubwoko bwinshi bwimyitozo ya DTH, basangiye ibintu bihuriweho: byombi uburyo bwingaruka hamwe na biti ya drill byarohamye mu mwobo, hamwe no kuzunguruka hamwe ningaruka zo kumena urutare. Ibikoresho bikoreshwa mukubyara ingufu zishobora gushyirwa muburyo bwuburyo bwabo bwo gutwara ibinyabiziga pneumatike, hydraulic, umuvuduko wamavuta, amashanyarazi, nubwoko bwa mashini.
Kubera ko imbaraga zingaruka zigira igihombo kinini mugihe cyoherejwe kandi zishobora kwangiza byinshi mubice byangiritse, mubisanzwe birasabwa mubikorwa byogucukura byimbitse ko ibikoresho byinjira mumyobo hamwe nigikoresho cyimyitozo, kugirango imbaraga ziva mubisohoka zishobore gukora neza kuri biti ya biti cyangwa ingirakamaro. Ibi bigabanya gutakaza ingufu mugihe cyoherejwe, bizamura ingufu, kandi bigabanya amahirwe yo kunanirwa ibikoresho byo hasi.
Pneumatic DTH, izwi kandi nka DTH itwarwa n'umwuka, iza muburyo bwinshi bwuburyo nuburyo bwo gutondeka.
- Ukurikije igipimo cyumuvuduko: umuvuduko mwinshi, umuvuduko ukabije, nubwoko buke bwumuvuduko.
- Ukurikije imiterere rusange: kutanyura no muburyo.
- Ukoresheje ihame ryimikorere ya valve: kugenzura ubwoko bwa valve, ubwoko bwa valve yubusa, nubwoko bwa valve.
- Ukurikije piston: piston ingana na piston, piston ya diameter ingana, nubwoko bwa piston ya tandem.
- Ukurikije uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza ikirere: DTH ifite agaciro na DTH idafite agaciro. DTH yemewe irashobora kugabanywamo plaque ya plaque, disque ya disiki, nubwoko bwa silindrike, mugihe DTH idafite agaciro ishobora kugabanywa muburyo bwo gusohora inkoni yo hagati, ubwoko bwa piston yo gukwirakwiza ikirere, hamwe no gukwirakwiza ikirere hamwe na piston, silinderi, hamwe ninkoni yo hagati.
- Ukoresheje umwobo hamwe nuburyo bwo gusohora slag: gukaraba umwobo hagati, gukaraba umwobo imbere, no gukaraba umwobo.
2. Kugena Ingaruka Zimikorere Yuburyo Bwubaka
2.1 Piston Yigenga-Gutanga Non-Valve Mechanism
Ubu bwoko bwingaruka zikoreshwa cyane cyane inzira ya gaze muri piston ubwayo kugirango itange gaze, bivamo imiterere ya piston igoye ifite imiyoboro myinshi ya gaze, igabanya imbaraga za piston nigihe cyo kubaho. Nyamara, iyi mikorere yingaruka ihuza silinderi yimbere ninyuma, ikongera ahantu heza ho gukorera piston no kongera ingufu zingaruka zuburyo.
2.2 Piston na Cylinder Byahujwe Gutanga Gazi Ntabwo Ingaruka Zingaruka Zingaruka
Ubu bwoko bugaragaza imiterere yoroshye yoroshye kuyikora, ifite igihe kirekire cya piston, kandi ibyobo bya gaze biri kuri silinderi na piston. Iyi miterere ikoreshwa cyane mumahanga.
2.3 Umuyoboro wa gazi ya Centre Gutanga Non-Valve Mechanism
Muri ubu buryo, ibice byo gufata umwuka mubyumba byo hejuru no hepfo byateguwe kumuyoboro uzenguruka aho piston iranyerera. Irasaba gukora neza cyane kandi ifite igihe gito cyo kubaho kumiyoboro yo hagati.
2.4 Uburyo bwo Kuringaniza Impanuka
Ibyo bita impande zombi bisobanura ko inzira ya gazi isohoka isohoka mumubiri wa silinderi aho kunyura hagati ya myitozo bito kugeza munsi yumwobo. Ubu bwoko bwingaruka zisanzwe zifite inzira nyinshi zo gufata no gusohora kumubiri wa silinderi, biganisha kumyubakire idahwitse yimiterere, ubushobozi bwo guturika umunaniro muremure, hamwe no gutakaza imbaraga zumuyaga mwinshi, bikavamo gukuramo imyanda ya suboptimal hamwe ningaruka zo gukonjesha biti.
2.5 Uburyo bwo Kuringaniza Impanuka
Ubu bwoko bwingaruka zo kwirukana imyanda na gaze biturutse hagati yimyitozo kugeza munsi yumwobo. Umwuka utaziguye ntabwo wongera gusa imyanda yo gukuraho imyanda ahubwo unatezimbere uburyo bwo gucukura no gukonjesha, byongerera igihe cyo gukora bito. Ubu bwoko bwububiko busimbuza ibinure byinshi birebire muri silinderi yimbere yimikorere yingaruka zumuriro hamwe na buri mwaka, bikagabanya cyane guhangayikishwa na silinderi yimbere. Byahindutse imiterere yemewe mumyaka yashize.
2.6 Urukurikirane rwa Piston Ingaruka
Urukurikirane rw'ibikorwa bya piston, bizwi kandi nka pisitori ebyiri (umutwe), igabanya silinderi mu byumba bibiri ukoresheje impeta yo kwigunga. Igishushanyo cyemerera piston mumaso yombi gukora icyarimwe mumurambararo umwe wa bore, bikavamo imbaraga zikomeye ningaruka nyinshi. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, hariho uburyo bubiri bwo gukuramo ibintu bukuraho neza ifu yigitare munsi yumwobo. Nyamara, imbogamizi nyamukuru ni imiterere yayo igoye kandi ikeneye ibisobanuro bihanitse mu gutunganya ibice; kurugero, piston ifite ibice bigera kuri bitanu byo guhuza hamwe nibice bifitanye isano, bigabanya ikoreshwa ryayo no kuzamurwa. Kubwibyo, iki gishushanyo cyerekana uburyo bwa kabiri, aribwo buryo bwo kutagira valve hamwe na piston na silinderi hamwe no gutanga gaze. Imiterere yacyo igaragara ku gishushanyo cya 3.
3.Isesengura rya Teoretiki hamwe no Kubara bijyanye na DTH
3.1 Guhitamo ibipimo bikora **
3.1.1 Uburebure bw'inyundo n'uburemere: Igishushanyo mbonera cyerekana uburebure buri munsi ya mm 4500 n'uburemere buri munsi ya 2500.
3.1.2 Diameter ya Nyundo: Diameter ikwiye ya nyundo igenwa hashingiwe kuri diameter yo gucukura, yashyizwe kuri mm 540.
3.1.3 Gucukura Diameter: Ibi bivuga diameter yumwobo wikirundo, muri rusange hagati ya mm 550 na mm 600.
3.1.4 Ubujyakuzimu bwo gucukura: Ukurikije ibishushanyo mbonera bisabwa, ubusanzwe buri hagati ya metero icumi na metero ijana.
3.1.5 Umuvuduko wimyitozo: DTH gucukura muri rusange ikora kumuvuduko muke, mubisanzwe hagati ya 7 na 25 r / s.
3.1.6 Umuzenguruko wo kuzunguruka: Umucyo ntarengwa kuri iki gishushanyo washyizwe kuri 150 kN · m.
3.2 Kubara Ibishushanyo mbonera
Igishushanyo mbonera cya DTH, byumwihariko ibipimo byimikorere yibikoresho bya DTH bigira ingaruka, bikora nkibishingirwaho mugushushanya imashini no gusobanura imikorere yibikoresho byakozwe.
3.2.1 Gushushanya Umuvuduko P kubikoresho byingaruka
Mu Bushinwa, umuvuduko wa 0.49 MPa (hafi 5 × 10 ^ 5 Pa) watoranijwe cyane nk'igishushanyo mbonera cy'ibikoresho byangiza pneumatike. Urebye ko DTH kuri iki gishushanyo ari igikoresho kitagira valve gifite diameter nini yo gucukura na piston iremereye, umuvuduko mwinshi wo mu kirere uzarushaho kunoza imikorere. Byongeye kandi, compressor zo mu kirere zifite umuvuduko mwinshi ziragenda zimenyekana, kandi ukurikije amahame mpuzamahanga ISO 5941-1979, hatoranijwe igitutu cyo gushushanya cya 1.6 MPa.
3.2.2
Kuri DTH ikoreshwa mu gucukura umwobo munini wa diameter, imbaraga zo gushushanya zishobora guhinduka cyane. Ingaruka zingaruka kuri iki gishushanyo zibarwa kuburyo bukurikira:
3.2.3
Mubisanzwe, mugihe cyingufu zingaruka zihoraho, inshuro zingaruka ziragereranywa nimbaraga zisohoka zingaruka. Nyamara, iyo diameter ya silinderi ikosowe, kongera inshuro inshuro bisaba kugabanya inkoni ya piston, nayo igabanya imbaraga zingaruka imwe. Iyo imbaraga imwe yingaruka iguye munsi yurugero runaka, kongera inshuro ntabwo bizatanga ibisubizo bishimishije kumena urutare. Rero, guhitamo inshuro zingaruka zibuzwa nimbaraga zingaruka.
Kuri pneumatike DTH ikora ku gishushanyo mbonera cya 0.5 MPa, inshuro ntigomba kurenga 16.8 Hz. Kubera ko DTH ikorera mubitutu byashushanyije hagati ya 0.5 na 2.5 MPa, inshuro zingaruka zirashobora gutandukana cyane. Guhitamo kwambere kwinshuro zishobora kubarwa kuburyo bukurikira:
f = 10.4 + 7.6P
(2) aho P nigitutu cya sisitemu yo gutanga. Kuri iki gishushanyo, P = 1.6 MPa, kubwibyo:
f = 10.4 + 7.6 × 1.6 = 22.5 Hz.
3.3 Igishushanyo mbonera
Ibyingenzi byingenzi byubatswe bya DTH harimo silindiri bore diameter, piston stroke, nubunini bwa piston. Kongera umurambararo wa silinderi birashobora kongera imbaraga zingaruka ninshuro, bityo diameter igomba kuba minini mubipimo byubunini bwububiko. Mubisanzwe, itandukaniro riri hagati ya diameter yinyuma ya DTH na diameter ya bore ntigomba kuba munsi ya mm 15 kugeza kuri 20, kandi ikibanza cyo hanze cya DTH ntigikwiye kuba gito. Kubwibyo, igipimo cya diameter ya DTH ya silindiri na diametre yo gucukura muri rusange kiri hejuru ya 0.5.
3.3.1 Diameter ikora ya Cylinder na Stoke yuburyo
Diameter ikora D ya silinderi irashobora kubarwa kuburyo bukurikira:
D = K × D (bore) = (0.57 - 0,68) × D (bore) (3)
Kuri iki gishushanyo, D (bore) = 600 mm, D rero ifatwa nka mm 360. Inzira yimiterere S ifatwa muburyo bwa S = 500 mm.
3.3.2 Misa ya piston
Ibipimo bya radiyo ya piston bigabanywa nubunini n'imiterere ya silinderi, bigatuma haba piston zingana cyangwa zitandukanye. Ibipimo byumurongo biterwa nuburemere bwa piston, nayo ijyanye numuvuduko ifite iyo ikubise bito. Kubwibyo, kugena ibipimo byimiterere ya piston nibintu bigoye byubushakashatsi bwa DTH. Ubwinshi bwa piston ya DTH burashobora kugereranywa gutya:
m = 0.0205D ^ 2.84 (4)
aho m ni misa ya piston muri kg; D ni diameter ikora ya silinderi muri cm.
Gusimbuza D = 36 umusaruro: m = 540 kg.
DTH igizwe ahanini nuburyo bwo kohereza umuriro hamwe nuburyo bwo gufata pneumatike. Imiterere ya torque ihuza inkoni ya drill na DTH, ikwirakwiza gukata no gukurura imbaraga; uburyo bwa pneumatike butanga ingaruka, butanga imbaraga za axial kubitwara bito bito. Imiterere yihariye irerekanwa mumashusho 3.
Imiterere ya transque ihuza inkoni ya drill hamwe na impactor. Igice cyo hejuru gihuza inkoni ya drill hamwe na impactor binyuze mumigozi, cyane cyane kugirango gaze ikomeze kandi ikanatanga ingufu za rukuruzi. Igenzura rya valve ribuza ibyondo namazi kwinjira mubitera inkoni na drill, bigenzurwa nisoko. Intebe yo gufata ikirere hamwe nibikorwa byo gutanga gaze kugirango yinjize umwuka ucanye muri silinderi, byorohereze ibikorwa byo gutanga gazi hamwe na silinderi na piston, bityo bigerweho hamwe. Impeta yumutekano wimpeshyi irinda piston gusohoka muri silinderi mugihe isimbuye bito.
3.4 Isesengura ryibanze rya DTH Imyitozo ya Bit
DTH imyitozo ya DTH ikorerwa imbaraga ziva kuri piston na torque kuva kumutwe. Imbaraga zikoreshwa kuri piston n'umwuka uhumeka utangwa na:
F = P × S (5)
aho P ni igitutu cya sisitemu muri Pa; S nimbaraga zimbaraga za piston muri m².
Rero, F = 1,6 × 10 ^ 6 × 0.084 = 134400 N.
Kubwibyo, imbaraga zingaruka kumyitozo ni:
F '= kF (6)
aho k ni coefficient yingaruka; F nimbaraga zikoreshwa kumyitozo bito n'umwuka ucanye muri N. Gutyo, F '= 20 × 134400 = 2688 kN.
Umuyoboro ukoreshwa kuri DTH drill bit numutwe wa drive ni N = 150 kN. Gukoresha F '= 2688 kN na N = 150 kN kuri biti ya drill mugihe ukosora isura yanyuma yo hepfo ya bito, hanyuma ugakoresha QT500-7 ibikoresho bifite umusaruro wa MPa 320, hakorwa isesengura ryibintu bitagira ingano. Imiterere yihariye yo gupakira no kubuza no kugabana mesh irerekanwa mumashusho 4 na 5.
Ibisubizo by'isesengura ryibintu bitagira ingano byerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 6, byerekana ko guhangayika cyane ari 144.355 MPa, ibyo bikaba bitarenze imbaraga z’umusaruro wa QT500-7 (320 MPa), bityo bikuzuza ibisabwa.