Kupwanya Code yeHard Rock Drilling: Iyo Game-Changing DTH Technology.
Zvinoenderana nemamiriro enzvimbo yenzvimbo yekuvaka, kune nzira ina huru dzekuchera dzinowanzoshandiswa nemadrill rigs, sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo 1.
a. Misoro yepneumatic kana hydraulic-driven rotary yakasanganiswa nemidziyo yerutsigiro inofambisa kutenderera uye kukanganisa simba nepamusoro pechibooresa pombi, kuendesa simba kune chibooreso kuburikidza nemafungu ekuvhundutsa mupombi yekuchera. Iyi nzira inogumira kumadhayamita madiki uye kudzika kwakadzika uye inowanzoshandiswa mumakwari, nzvimbo dzekuvaka, uye mabasa ekuchera pasi pevhu.
b.Pasi-The-Hole (DTH) sando dziri pazasi pechibhorani tambo. Mhepo yakadzvinyirirwa inopinda muDTH kuburikidza netambo yekubooresa, ichityaira piston mune inodzokorodza inofamba inobata zvakananga chibooreso, kuendesa simba rekuita kudombo. Iyi sisitimu ine kurasikirwa kwemagetsi kushoma uye inonyanya kukodzera makomba akadzika, maburi akatwasuka, uye matombo akaomarara.
c.Reverse circulation (RC) kucherainoshandisa DTH kuunganidza uye kutakura matombo ematombo kubva kumeso kwechibhorani. Kuchekwa kwakaoma uye kusina kusvibiswa kunofambiswa kuburikidza nepakati pombi yeDTH mune imwe sampuli yekuunganidza mudziyo, ichigadzirira kuongorora geological.
d. Giya bhokisi rinotyairwa nehydraulic kana mota dzemagetsi rinogadzira musoro wesimba rinotenderera, richiisa simba rekudyisa rakakwana kune matatu-cone drill bit kuburikidza nefeed system inofamba ichikwira nekudzika padhill rig uye nepombi yakakomberedzwa nemadziro. Iyi nzira inoshandiswa pamatombo akapfava kana kuti matombo akaomarara akabatana zvakasimba.
- Misimboti uye Hunhu hweDTH
Maumbirwo akacherwa neDTH anenge akakwana anokwanisa kusanganisira ese matombo egneous, metamorphic rocks, uye sedimentary matombo ari epakati-akaoma kana kuoma. DTH inonyanya kubatsira pakuchera dombo rakaoma uye strata yakaoma nekuti dombo rakaomarara rinowanzoita brittle. Pasi pezvinorema, mafractures haangoitike panzvimbo yakananga asi zvakare anogadzira nzvimbo yakatyoka, zvichikonzera zvidimbu zvakakura zvedombo. Saka, kumhanya kwekuchera kunokurumidza kukurumidza kana ichienzaniswa neakachena rotary drilling. Mechanical modhi muMufananidzo 2 inoratidza mitoro yakasiyana-siyana inobata padombo panguva yekudhirowa kwekutenderera.
Pamusoro pezvo, kuchera kweDTH (Down-the-Hole) kunoshanda zvakanyanya mumaumbirwo anowanzoita kutsauswa kwechibhorani, senge strata ine mibhedha yakanyatsogadzirwa uye foliation, kana matombo ematombo ane kuoma kusina kuenzana uye kutsemuka kwakawanda. Inogona kuderedza zvakanyanya kutsauka kwechibhorani uye zvakare kukunda matambudziko mukuchera kuburikidza nematombo ematombo uye mibhedha yematombo.
DTH kuchera kwakagadzirwa mukupera kwezana ramakore re19 uye ine nhoroondo yeanopfuura zana. Kunyangwe paine mhando dzakawanda dzeDTH zvibooreso, zvinogovana chinhu chakafanana: zvese zvinokonzeresa uye chibooreso chinonyudzwa mugomba, nekutenderera kwakabatanidzwa nekupwanya dombo. Midziyo inoshandiswa kugadzira simba rekuita inogona kuiswa muchikamu nenzira yavo yekutyaira kuita pneumatic, hydraulic, mafuta ekumanikidza, magetsi, uye mekiniki mhando.
Sezvo simba rekuita richiwana kurasikirwa kukuru panguva yekutapurirana uye richigona kukonzera kukuvadzwa kukuru kune zvakakanganisika, zvinowanzodiwa mukudzika kwakadzika mashandiro kuti mudziyo upinde mugomba nechibhorani, kuitira kuti simba rekuburitsa rinokwanisa kuita zvakananga pane chibhorani kana core barrel. Izvi zvinoderedza kurasikirwa kwesimba panguva yekufambisa, inovandudza kushanda kwesimba, uye inoderedza mukana wekutadza kwemidziyo yekudzikisa.
Pneumatic DTH, inozivikanwawo seDTH inofambiswa nemhepo, inouya mumhando dzakawanda dzezvimiro uye nzira dzekuisa.
- Nekudzvanywa chiyero: yakakwirira-kudzvanywa, yepakati-kudzvanywa, uye yakaderera-kudzvanywa mhando.
- Nekuumbwa kwese: kusiri-kuburikidza uye kuburikidza nemhando.
- Nevhavha yekushanda musimboti: control valve mhando, yemahara valve mhando, uye hybrid valve mhando.
- Nechimiro chepiston: yakaenzana dhayamita piston, isina kuenzana dhayamita piston, uye tandem piston mhando.
- Nemhando yekugovera mhepo: yakavharwa DTH uye isina valve DTH. Valved DTH inogona kupatsanurwa kuita plate valve, disc valve, uye cylindrical valve mhando, nepo isina valve DTH inogona kukamurwa kuita yepakati tsvimbo yekupisa mhando, piston mweya wekugovera mhando, uye yakasanganiswa kugoverwa kwemhepo nepiston, silinda, uye pakati tsvimbo.
- Nekugezesa gomba uye nzira yekuburitsa slag: kugeza gomba repakati, kugeza gomba repamberi, uye kugezesa gomba parutivi.
2. Kutemerwa kweImpact Mechanism Structural Schemes
2.1 Piston Self-Gas Supply Non-Valve Impact Mechanism
Iyi mhando yemaitiro ekukanganisa anonyanya kushandisa magasi mupiston pachayo kupa gasi, zvichikonzera yakaoma piston chimiro chine akawanda gasi nzira, iyo inoderedza simba repiston uye hupenyu. Nekudaro, iyi yekukanganisa mashandiro inobatanidza mukati nekunze masilinda, ichiwedzera inoshanda inoshanda nzvimbo yepiston uye kuwedzera simba rekuita remashini.
2.2 Piston uye Cylinder Yakasanganiswa Gasi Inopa Isiri-Valve Impact Mechanism
Rudzi urwu runoratidza chimiro chakareruka chiri nyore kugadzira, chine hurefu hwehupenyu hwepiston, uye maburi egasi ari pane ese silinda uye piston. Ichi chimiro chinoshandiswa zvakanyanya kunze kwenyika.
2.3 Center Pipe Gasi Supply Non-Valve Impact Mechanism
Muchigadziro ichi, nzira dzekupinza mhepo dzemakamuri ekumusoro nedzezasi dzakarongwa papombi yedenderedzwa apo piston inotsvedza. Inoda kugadzirwa kwepamusoro uye ine hupenyu hupfupi hwepakati pombi.
2.4 Side Exhaust Impact Mechanism
Iyo inonzi side exhaust inoreva kuti exhaust gas nzira inobuda mucylinder body pane kupfuura nepakati pechibhorani ichienda pasi pegomba. Rudzi urwu rwemagadzirirwo emagetsi anowanzo ane nzira dzakawanda dzekudya uye kupera simba pahumburumbira, zvichitungamira kune kushomeka kwesimba, mukana wekureba kuneta kutsemuka, uye kurasikirwa kukuru kwekumanikidzwa kwemhepo, zvichikonzera kubviswa kwemarara uye kutonhora kweiyo drill bit.
2.5 Center Exhaust Impact Mechanism
Iyi mhando yemaitiro ekuita inodzinga marara uye gasi zvakananga kubva pakati pechibhorani kusvika pasi pegomba. Kuyerera kwemhepo kwakananga hakungokwidziri kubviswa kwemarara chete asiwo kunonatsiridza kugona kuchera uye kutonhora, kuwedzera hupenyu hwechibhorani. Ichi chimiro chechimiro chinotsiva akawanda longitudinal grooves mukati mehumburumbira yepadivi exhaust inokanganisa michina ine annular groove, inoderedza zvakanyanya kushushikana muhumburumbira yemukati. Yakava chimiro chakagamuchirwa zvakanyanya mumakore achangopfuura.
2.6 Series Piston Impact Mechanism
Iyo yakatevedzana piston impact mechanism, inozivikanwawo sembiri-piston (musoro) impactor, inokamura silinda mumakamuri maviri uchishandisa mhete yekuzviparadzanisa nevamwe. Iyi dhizaini inobvumira zviso zvese zvepiston kushanda panguva imwe chete mukati meiyo dhayamita imwechete, zvichikonzera simba rakakura rekuita uye yakakwirira frequency frequency. Zvichienderana, kune maviri exhaust system inobvisa zvinobudirira hupfu hwedombo kubva pasi pegomba. Nekudaro, dhizaini yayo huru ndeye chimiro chayo chakaomarara uye kudiwa kwepamusoro kurongeka muzvikamu zvekugadzira; semuenzaniso, piston ine nzvimbo dzinosvika shanu dzekubatana nezvikamu zvakabatana, izvo zvinomisa kushandiswa kwayo nekusimudzirwa. Naizvozvo, dhizaini iyi inotora sarudzo yechipiri, inova isiri-vharuvhu inokanganisa michina ine piston uye silinda yakasanganiswa gasi rekupa. Chimiro chayo chinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 3.
3.Theoretical Analysis uye Relevant Calculations yeDTH
3.1 Kusarudzwa kweMagetsi Anoshanda **
3.1.1 Huremu Nehuremu hweHammer: Magadzirirwo ekutanga anotsanangura hurefu husingasviki 4500 mm uye huremu huri pasi pe2500 kg.
3.1.2 Hammer Diameter: Iyo yakakodzera sando dhayamita inotarwa zvichienderana nedhayamita yekuchera, yakaiswa pa540 mm.
3.1.3 Drilling Diameter: Izvi zvinoreva kureba kwegomba remurwi, kazhinji pakati pe550 mm ne600 mm.
3.1.4 Kudzama Kwekuchera: Zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvekugadzira mirwi, izvi zvinowanzoitika pakati pemamita gumi nemaviri nemamita zana.
3.1.5 Drill Speed: DTH kuchera kunowanzo shanda nekumhanya kwakaderera kutenderera, kazhinji pakati pe7 ne25 r/s.
3.1.6 Rotational Torque: Iyo yakawanda torque yekugadzira iyi yakaiswa pa 150 kN · m.
3.2 Kuverengera kweDesign Parameters
Iwo madhizaini edhizaini eDTH, kunyanya maparamita ekuita kweDTH maitiro emidziyo, anoshanda sehwaro hwekugadzira muchina uye kutsanangura mashandiro emidziyo yakagadzirwa.
3.2.1 Dhizaini Pressure P yeImpact Equipment
MuChina, kumanikidzwa kwe0.49 MPa (inenge 5 × 10 ^ 5 Pa) inosarudzwa zvakanyanya seyero yekugadzira yepneumatic impact equipment. Tichifunga kuti iyo DTH yedhizaini iyi isiri-vharuvhu inokanganisa mudziyo ine dhayamita yakakura yekuchera uye inorema piston, yakakwira mhepo inosimudzira kushanda. Pamusoro pezvo, high-pressure air compressors iri kuwedzera kuwanda, uye zvinoenderana neInternational standard ISO 5941-1979, dhizaini yekumanikidza ye1.6 MPa inosarudzwa.
3.2.2 Impact Simba
Kune DTH inoshandiswa kuchera maburi mahombe edhayamita, dhizaini yekukanganisa simba inogona kuchinjika zvakanyanya. Iko simba rekuita kweiyi dhizaini inoverengerwa sezvizvi:
3.2.3 Impact Frequency
Kazhinji, pasi pesimba resimba rinogara richiitika, iyo frequency frequency inoenzanirana nesimba rekubuda reiyo impactor. Nekudaro, kana cylinder dhayamita yakagadziriswa, kuwedzera iyo frequency frequency kunoda kuderedzwa kwepiston sitiroko, iyo inozodzikisa simba rimwechete rekuita. Kamwe simba rekuita rimwechete rawira pasi pechimwe chikumbaridzo, kuwedzera frequency hakuzobudisi zvinogutsa mhedzisiro yekupwanya dombo. Nokudaro, kusarudzwa kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hunomanikidzwa nesimba rekuita.
Kune pneumatic DTH inoshanda padhizaini yedhizaini ye0.5 MPa, iyo frequency haifanirwe kudarika 16.8 Hz. Sezvo iyo DTH ichishanda padhizaini yedhizaini pakati pe0.5 uye 2.5 MPa, iyo frequency frequency inogona kusiyanisa zvakanyanya. Kusarudzwa kwekutanga kweiyo impactor frequency inogona kuverengerwa seinotevera:
f = 10.4 + 7.6P
(2) uko P ndiyo system yekupa pressure. Kune iyi dhizaini, P = 1.6 MPa, saka:
f = 10.4 + 7.6 × 1.6 = 22.5 Hz.
3.3 Chimiro Parameter Dhizaini
Iwo makuru ekumisikidza maparamendi eDTH anosanganisira cylinder bore dhayamita, piston sitiroko, uye piston zviyero. Kuwedzera cylinder dhayamita kunogona kuwedzera simba rekuita uye frequency, saka dhayamita inofanira kukwidziridzwa mukati memiganho yehukuru hwechimiro. Kazhinji, musiyano pakati pekunze kwekunze kweDTH uye dhayamita yakabhowa haifaniri kunge iri pasi pe15 kusvika ku20 mm, uye kunze kwekunze kweDTH hakufaniri kunge kwakaonda. Naizvozvo, chiyero cheDTH silinda dhayamita kusvika pakuchera dhayamita inowanzopfuura 0.5.
3.3.1 Kushanda Diameter yeCylinder uye Structural Stroke
Iyo dhayamita yekushanda D yecylinder inogona kuverengerwa sezvinotevera:
D = K × D(kubereka) = (0.57 - 0.68) × D(kubereka) (3)
Pakugadzirwa uku, D(bore) = 600 mm, saka D inotorwa se360 mm. Iyo yemaitiro sitiroko S inotorwa zvine simba seS = 500 mm.
3.3.2 Piston Misa
Iyo radial dimensions yepiston inomanikidzwa nehukuru uye chimiro checylinder, ichibvumira kune yakaenzana kana akasiyana dhayamita pistons. Huremu hwepistoni hunoenderana nekumhanya kwairi kuita kana ichirova chibhorani. Naizvozvo, kuona zvimiro zvepiston chinhu chakaomarara chedhizaini yeDTH. Huremu hweiyo DTH piston inogona kufungidzirwa seizvi:
m = 0.0205D^2.84 (4)
uko m iri piston mass in kg; D ndiyo dhayamita yekushanda yehumburumbira mumasentimita.
Kutsiva D = 36 goho: m = 540 kg.
Iyo DTH inonyanya kuve neiyo torque yekufambisa chimiro uye pneumatic kukanganisa maitiro. Iyo torque yekufambisa chimiro inobatanidza dhiri tsvimbo neDTH, kutumira kutenderera kwekucheka uye kudhonza masimba; iyo pneumatic impact mechanism inogadzira kukanganisa, ichipa axial simba kune inokanganisa drill bit. Tsanangudzo yechimiro chakananga inoratidzwa muFigure 3.
Iyo torque yekufambisa chimiro inobatanidza chibooreso tsvimbo uye impactor. Iyo yekumusoro joint inobatana ne drill rod uye impactor kuburikidza neshinda dzepombi, kunyanya kuona gasi kusimba uku uchitumira torque uye kudhonza simba. Ivhavha yekuongorora inodzivirira madhaka nemvura kubva pakupinda mu impactor uye drill rod, inodzorwa nechitubu. Chigaro chekupinda nemhepo chine gasi rekupa tsvimbo inoshanda kuunza mweya wakamanikidzwa mucylinder, kufambisa gasi rekupa chiitiko pamwe necylinder uye piston, nekudaro kuwana yakasanganiswa gasi kuwanikwa. Mhete yekuchengetedza yechirimo inodzivirira piston kuti isatsvedza kubva muhumburumbira painotsiva bhiti rekubooresa.
3.4 Finite Element Ongororo yeDTH Drill Bit
Iyo DTH drill bit inoiswa pasi pesimba rinokanganisa kubva papiston uye torque kubva kumusoro wekutyaira. Simba rinoiswa papiston nemhepo yakamanikidzwa rinopihwa ne:
F = P × S (5)
uko P ndiyo inomanikidza system muPa; S ndiyo nzvimbo yesimba yepiston mum².
Saka, F = 1.6 × 10^6 × 0.084 = 134400 N.
Naizvozvo, simba rekuita pane drill bit ndeiyi:
F' = kF (6)
apo k ndiyo coefficient yemigumisiro; F ndiyo simba rinoshandiswa pachibhorani nemhepo yakamanikidzwa muN. Nokudaro, F' = 20 × 134400 = 2688 kN.
Iyo torque inoshandiswa kuDTH drill bit nemusoro wekutyaira ndeyeN = 150 kN. Kushandisa F' = 2688 kN uye N = 150 kN kune chibooreso paunenge uchigadzirisa kumucheto kwezasi kwechibhorani, uye uchishandisa QT500-7 zvinhu zvine simba regoho re320 MPa, finite element analysis inoitwa. Iyo chaiyo yekurodha uye yekumanikidza mamiriro uye mesh division inoratidzwa muFigure 4 ne5.
Mhedzisiro yekuongorora kwechikamu chekupedzisira inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 6, zvichiratidza kuti kunyanya kunetseka ndeye 144.355 MPa, iyo ishoma kudarika simba regoho reQT500-7 (320 MPa), nokudaro rinosangana nezvinodiwa.