Ukuqhekeka iKhowudi ye-Hard Rock Drilling: Umdlalo-Ukutshintsha i-DTH Technology.
Ngokweemeko zejoloji yendawo yokwakha, kukho iindlela ezine eziphambili zokomba ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo zizixhobo zokubhoboza, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 1.
a. Iintloko ezijikelezayo eziqhutywa ngumoya okanye ngehydraulic zidityaniswe nezixhobo zempembelelo zihambisa amandla ajikelezayo kunye neempembelelo kumphezulu wesixhobo.umbhobho wokubhola, ukuhambisa amandla kwi-drill bit ngamaza othusayo kumbhobho wokubhoboza. Le ndlela ilinganiselwe kwiidamitha ezincinci kunye nobunzulu obunzulu kwaye isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiikwari, iindawo zokwakha, kunye nemisebenzi yokwemba ngaphantsi komhlaba.
b.Phantsi-I-Hole (DTH) iihamile zibekwe ezantsi komtya wokubhola. Umoya oxiniweyo ungena kwi-DTH ngomtya wokubhola, uqhuba ipiston kwintshukumo ebuyelayo echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo i-drill bit, idlulisela amandla empembelelo eliweni. Le nkqubo inelahleko encinci yamandla kwaye ifanelekile ngakumbi kwimingxuma enzulu, imingxuma ethe tye, kunye namatye aphakathi aqinile.
c.Ukujikeleza okujikelezayo (RC) ukugayaisebenzisa i-DTH ukuqokelela kunye nokuthutha iisampulu zamatye ebusweni bombhobho. Izisikwa ezomileyo nezingangcolisekanga zihanjiswa ngombhobho ophakathi we-DTH kwisixhobo sokuqokelela isampulu, silungiselela uhlalutyo lwejoloji.
d. Ibhokisi yegiya eqhutywa yihydraulic okanye iimotor zombane yenza intloko yamandla ajikelezayo, isebenzisa amandla awoneleyo okutya kwi-cone-cone drill bit ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yokutya ehamba inyuka isihla kwi-drill rig kunye nombhobho wokubhola ongqindilili. Le ndlela isetyenziselwa amatye athambileyo okanye amatye aqinileyo adityanisiweyo.
- Imigaqo-siseko kunye neempawu ze-DTH
Ulwakhiwo olugrunjiweyo nge-DTH luphantse lukwazi ukubandakanya onke amatye ane-igneous, amatye e-metamorphic, kunye namatye e-sedimentary aphakathi-nzima okanye anzima. I-DTH inceda kakhulu ekugrumbeni iliwa eliqinileyo kunye nestrata eyomeleleyo kuba ilitye eliqinileyo lithanda ukuba brittle. Phantsi komthwalo wempembelelo, ukuqhekeka akwenzeki kuphela kwindawo yempembelelo ethe ngqo kodwa kukwadala indawo eyaphukileyo, okukhokelela kumaqhekeza amakhulu amatye. Ngaloo ndlela, isantya sokomba sikhawuleza kakhulu xa sithelekisa nokugrumba okucocekileyo okujikelezayo. Imodeli yomatshini kuMfanekiso 2 ubonisa imithwalo eyahlukeneyo esebenza ematyeni ngexesha lokomba olujikelezayo.
Ukongeza, ukugrumba kwe-DTH (Down-the-Hole) kusebenza kakhulu kulwakhiwo oluthanda ukutenxa kwiqula, elifana nestrata ezinomandlalo ophuhliswe kakuhle kunye nefoliation, okanye iileya zamatye ezinobunzima obungalinganiyo kunye nokwaphuka okuninzi. Inokunciphisa kakhulu ukunxaxha kwamaqula kwaye yoyise ubunzima bokugrumba iileya zegrabile kunye neebhedi ezinamatye.
Ukugrumba i-DTH kwaphuhliswa ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 kwaye kunembali engaphezu kwenkulungwane. Nangona kukho iintlobo ezininzi ze-DTH drills, zabelana ngophawu olufanayo: zombini indlela yempembelelo kunye nentwana yokomba zintywiliselwa kumngxuma wokutsala amanzi, ngokujikeleziswa kudityaniswe nefuthe lokuqhekeza ilitye. Izixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amandla empembelelo zinokuhlelwa ngendlela yazo yokuqhuba zibe yi-pneumatic, ihydraulic, uxinzelelo lweoyile, umbane, kunye neentlobo zoomatshini.
Ekubeni amandla empembelelo efumana ilahleko ebalulekileyo ngexesha lothumelo kwaye anokubangela umonakalo omkhulu kumalungu achaphazelekileyo, ngokuqhelekileyo kufuneka kwimisebenzi yokomba nzulu ukuba isixhobo singene kumngxuma wokutsala amanzi ngesixhobo sokugrumba, ukuze amandla empembelelo yesiphumo asebenze ngokuthe ngqo kwintwana yokomba okanye kumbhobho ongundoqo. Oku kunciphisa ilahleko yamandla ngexesha lothumelo, kuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla, kwaye kunciphisa ukubakho kokusilela kwezixhobo zomngxuma.
I-Pneumatic DTH, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-DTH eqhutywa ngumoya, iza kwiindidi ezininzi zesakhiwo kunye neendlela zokuhlela.
- Ngomgangatho woxinzelelo: uxinzelelo oluphezulu, uxinzelelo oluphakathi, kunye neentlobo zoxinzelelo oluphantsi.
- Ngolwakhiwo lulonke: olungagqibi kunye neentlobo.
- Ngomgaqo wokusebenza kwevalve: uhlobo lwevalve yolawulo, uhlobo lwevalve yasimahla, kunye nohlobo lwevalve engumxube.
-Ngokwakhiwa kwepiston: ipiston yobukhulu obulinganayo, ipiston engalinganiyo yobubanzi, kunye neentlobo zepiston yetandem.
- Ngohlobo lokuhanjiswa komoya: i-DTH enevalvu kunye ne-DTH engenavalve. I-valve ye-DTH inokwahlulwa ibe yi-valve yepleyiti, i-disc valve, kunye neentlobo zevalve ye-cylindrical, ngelixa i-DTH engena-valve inokwahlulwa ibe yi-central rod exhaust type, i-piston air distribution type, kunye nokuhanjiswa komoya okudibeneyo ngepiston, i-cylinder, kunye nentonga yeziko.
- Ngokuhlamba umngxuma kunye nendlela yokukhupha i-slag: ukuhlamba umngxuma ophakathi, ukuhlamba umngxuma wangaphambili, kunye nokuhlamba umngxuma osecaleni.
2. Ukumiselwa kwe-Impact Mechanism Structural Schemes
2.1 iPiston Self-Gas Supply Non-Valve Impact Mechanism
Olu hlobo lomatshini wempembelelo ikakhulu lusebenzisa iipaseji zegesi kwipiston ngokwayo ukubonelela ngegesi, okukhokelela kulwakhiwo oluntsonkothileyo lwepiston eneendlela ezininzi zegesi, ezinciphisa amandla episton kunye nobomi. Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo yempembelelo idibanisa iisilinda zangaphakathi kunye nangaphandle, ukwandisa indawo yokusebenza esebenzayo yepiston kunye nokuphucula amandla eempembelelo zendlela.
2.2 I-Piston kunye neCylinder eDityanisiweyo yeGesi yoNikezo oluNgelulo lweValve yeMpembelelo yeNdlela
Olu hlobo lubonisa isakhiwo esilula ekulula ukusenza, sinobomi obude bepiston, kwaye imingxuma yegesi ifumaneka kwi-cylinder kunye nepiston. Esi sakhiwo sisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumazwe angaphandle.
2.3 Ubonelelo lweGesi yeZiko leGesi engeyiyo iValve
Kulo matshini, iipaseji zokungenisa umoya kumagumbi aphezulu nangaphantsi zicwangciswe kumbhobho ojikelezayo apho i-piston isilayidi. Ifuna ukuchaneka okuphezulu kokuvelisa kwaye inobomi obufutshane obufutshane kumbhobho ophakathi.
2.4 Inkqubo yeMpembelelo yokuPhuma ecaleni
Okubizwa ngokuba yi-side exhaust kuthetha ukuba indlela yegesi yokukhupha iphuma kumzimba we-cylinder kunokuba idlule kumbindi we-drill bit ukuya ezantsi komngxuma. Olu hlobo lomatshini wempembelelo luneendlela ezininzi zokuthatha kunye nokukhupha kumzimba we-cylinder, okukhokelela kumandla abuthathaka, amandla okudinwa kwexesha elide, kunye nelahleko enkulu yoxinzelelo lomoya, okukhokelela ekususweni kobutyobo obunganeno kunye neziphumo zokupholisa kwi-drill bit.
2.5 Inkqubo ye-Centre Exhaust Impact Mechanism
Olu hlobo lomatshini wempembelelo lukhupha inkunkuma kunye negesi ngokuthe ngqo kumbindi we-drill bit ukuya ezantsi komngxuma. Ukuhamba komoya ngokuthe ngqo akuphuculi nje kuphela ukusebenza kakuhle kokususa inkunkuma kodwa kukwaphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokugrumba kunye nokupholisa, kwandisa ixesha lokuphila kwentwana yokomba. Olu hlobo lolwakhiwo luthatha indawo yeegrooves ezininzi zelongitudinal kumbhobho ongaphakathi weendlela zempembelelo zokukhupha umbhobho onomjelo we-annular, ukunciphisa kakhulu uxinzelelo kwi-cylinder yangaphakathi. Iye yaba sisakhiwo esamkelwa ngokubanzi kwiminyaka yakutshanje.
2.6 Series Piston Impact Mechanism
Uluhlu lwempembelelo yepiston, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-dual-piston (intloko) impembelelo, yahlula isilinda ibe ngamagumbi amabini kusetyenziswa iringi yokuzahlula. Olu luyilo luvumela ubuso bobubini bepiston ukuba busebenze ngaxeshanye ngaphakathi kobubanzi obufanayo, okukhokelela kumandla amakhulu empembelelo kunye nokuphindaphindwa kwempembelelo ephezulu. Ngokuhambelanayo, kukho inkqubo yokukhupha kabini esusa ngokufanelekileyo umgubo welitye ukusuka ezantsi komngxuma. Nangona kunjalo, i-drawback yayo ephambili yisakhiwo sayo esiyinkimbinkimbi kunye nesidingo sokuchaneka okuphezulu kwiindawo zomatshini; umzekelo, ipiston inemigangatho emihlanu yokukhwelana enezixhobo ezinxulumeneyo, ezithintela ukusetyenziswa kwayo kunye nokukhuthazwa. Ngoko ke, olu yilo luthatha ukhetho lwesibini, oluyinkqubo yempembelelo engeyiyo i-valve ene-piston kunye ne-cylinder edibeneyo yokubonelela ngegesi. Ukwakhiwa kwayo kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 3.
3.Uhlalutyo lwethiyori kunye nezibalo ezifanelekileyo ze-DTH
3.1 Ukukhethwa kweeParamitha zokuSebenza**
3.1.1 Ubude beHammer kunye nobunzima: Uyilo lokuqala luchaza ubude obungaphantsi kwama-4500 mm kunye nobunzima obungaphantsi kwama-2500 kg.
3.1.2 I-Hammer Diameter: I-hammer diameter efanelekileyo inqunywe ngokusekelwe kwi-diameter yokugaya, ebekwe kwi-540 mm.
3.1.3 Idiameter yoKwemba: Oku kubhekiselele kububanzi bomngxuma wengqumba, ngokubanzi phakathi kwe-550 mm kunye ne-600 mm.
3.1.4 Ubunzulu boBomba: Ngokweemfuno zoyilo lwemfumba, oku ngokuqhelekileyo kuphakathi kweshumi elinesibini leemitha kunye nekhulu leemitha.
I-3.1.5 I-Speed Drill: I-DTH i-drilling isebenza ngokubanzi kwizantya ezijikelezayo eziphantsi, ngokuqhelekileyo phakathi kwe-7 kunye ne-25 r / s.
3.1.6 I-Torque ejikelezayo: I-torque ephezulu yolu yilo ibekwe kwi-150 kN·m.
3.2 Ukubalwa kweeParamitha zoYilo
Iiparamitha zokuyila i-DTH, ngokukodwa iiparitha zokusebenza kwezixhobo zempembelelo ze-DTH, zisebenza njengesiseko soyilo lomatshini kunye nokuchaza ukusebenza kwezixhobo ezenziweyo.
3.2.1 Uyilo loxinzelelo P lweSixhobo seMpembelelo
E-China, uxinzelelo lwe-0.49 MPa (malunga ne-5 × 10 ^ 5 Pa) lukhethwa ngokubanzi njengomgangatho woyilo lwezixhobo zempembelelo ye-pneumatic. Ngenxa yokuba i-DTH yolu yilo sisixhobo sempembelelo esingeyiyo i-valve enobubanzi obukhulu bokomba kunye nepiston enzima, uxinzelelo lomoya oluphezulu luya kuphucula ngakumbi ukusebenza. Ukongezelela, i-high-pressure air compressors iyanda, kwaye ngokuhambelana nomgangatho wamazwe ngamazwe we-ISO 5941-1979, uxinzelelo loyilo lwe-1.6 MPa lukhethiwe.
3.2.2 Amandla empembelelo
Kwi-DTH esetyenziselwa ukugrumba imingxunya emikhulu edayamitha, amandla empembelelo yoyilo anokuguquguquka kakhulu. Impembelelo yamandla kolu yilo ibalwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
3.2.3 Ukuphindaphinda kweMpembelelo
Ngokubanzi, phantsi kwamandla empembelelo rhoqo, ukuphindaphindeka kwempembelelo ilingana namandla emveliso ye-impeor. Nangona kunjalo, xa i-diameter ye-cylinder ilungisiwe, ukwandisa i-frequency frequency kufuna ukuncitshiswa kwe-piston stroke, ethi inciphise amandla empembelelo enye. Nje ukuba amandla empembelelo enye awele ngaphantsi komqobo othile, ukonyusa amaza okuphindaphinda akusayi kuvelisa iziphumo ezanelisayo zokuqhekeka kwamatye. Ngoko ke, ukhetho lokuphindaphinda kwempembelelo lunyanzeliswa ngamandla empembelelo.
Kwi-DTH ye-pneumatic esebenza kwixinzelelo loyilo lwe-0.5 MPa, i-frequency akufanele idlule i-16.8 Hz. Ekubeni i-DTH isebenza kwiingcinezelo zoyilo phakathi kwe-0.5 kunye ne-2.5 MPa, i-frequency frequency impact inokwahluka kakhulu. Ukhetho lokuqala lwefrikhwensi yempembelelo ingabalwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
f = 10.4 + 7.6P
(2) apho i-P iluxinzelelo lonikezelo lwenkqubo. Kolu yilo, P = 1.6 MPa, ke ngoko:
f = 10.4 + 7.6 × 1.6 = 22.5 Hz.
3.3 Uyilo lweParameter yoLwakhiwo
Iiparamitha eziphambili ze-DTH ziquka i-cylinder bore diameter, ipiston stroke, kunye nemilinganiselo yepiston. Ukwandisa i-cylinder diameter kunokuphucula zombini amandla empembelelo kunye nokuphindaphinda, ngoko ke ububanzi kufuneka bonyuswe ngaphakathi kwimida yobukhulu besakhiwo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, umehluko phakathi kobubanzi obungaphandle be-DTH kunye nobubanzi be-bore akufanele bube ngaphantsi kwe-15 ukuya kwi-20 mm, kwaye i-casing yangaphandle ye-DTH ayifanele ibe yincinci kakhulu. Ngoko ke, umlinganiselo we-DTH cylinder diameter ukuya kwi-drilling diameter ngokubanzi ungaphezulu kwe-0.5.
3.3.1 Idayamitha eSebenzayo yeSilinda kunye neStroke soLwakhiwo
I-diameter yokusebenza D yesilinda ingabalwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
D = K × D(ibhobo) = (0.57 - 0.68) × D(ibhobo) (3)
Kule uyilo, i-D (ibhore) = 600 mm, ngoko i-D ithathwa njenge-360 mm. I-stroke yesakhiwo S ithathwa ngamandla njenge-S = 500 mm.
3.3.2 Ubunzima bePiston
Imilinganiselo ye-radial yepiston inyanzeliswa ngubukhulu kunye nokwakheka kwe-cylinder, evumela ukuba iipistons ezinobubanzi obulinganayo okanye ezahlukeneyo. Imilinganiselo yomgama ixhomekeke kubunzima bepiston, ekwayanyaniswa nesantya enaso xa ibetha i-drill bit. Ke ngoko, ukumisela imilinganiselo yesakhiwo sepiston yinto entsonkothileyo yoyilo lwe-DTH. Ubunzima bepiston ye-DTH bunokuqikelelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
m = 0.0205D^2.84 (4)
apho m bubunzima bepiston ngekg; D yi-diameter esebenzayo ye-cylinder kwi-cm.
Ukutshintsha D = 36 isivuno: m = 540 kg.
I-DTH ubukhulu becala iqulathe ulwakhiwo lokuhanjiswa kwetorque kunye nomatshini wempembelelo yomoya. Isakhiwo sokuhambisa i-torque sidibanisa intonga ye-drill kunye ne-DTH, ukuhambisa ukusika okujikelezayo kunye nokutsala amandla; indlela yempembelelo ye-pneumatic yenza impembelelo, inika amandla e-axial kwibit drill bit. Iinkcukacha ezithile zesakhiwo ziboniswe kuMfanekiso 3.
Isakhiwo sokuhambisa i-torque sidibanisa intonga ye-drill kunye nefuthe. Umdibaniso ophezulu udibanisa ne-drill rod kunye ne-impactor ngokusebenzisa imicu yombhobho, ngokukodwa ukuqinisekisa ukuqina kwegesi ngelixa uhambisa i-torque kunye nokutsala amandla. I-valve yokukhangela ikhusela udaka kunye namanzi ekungeneni kwi-impactor kunye ne-drill rod, elawulwa ngumthombo. Isihlalo sokungenisa umoya esinentonga yokubonelela ngegesi ukwazisa umoya oxinanisiweyo kwi-cylinder, ukuququzelela isenzo sokubonelela ngegesi kunye ne-cylinder kunye nepiston, ngaloo ndlela kufezekiswa ukunikezelwa kwegesi edibeneyo. Umsesane wokhuseleko wasentwasahlobo uthintela ipiston ekutyibilikeni ngaphandle kwe-cylinder xa utshintsha i-drill bit.
3.4 Uhlalutyo lwe-Element egqibeleleyo ye-DTH Drill Bit
I-DTH drill bit ixhomekeke kwimpembelelo yempembelelo evela kwi-piston kunye ne-torque ukusuka kwintloko yomqhubi. Amandla asetyenziswa kwipiston ngomoya oxinanisiweyo anikwa ngu:
F = P × S (5)
apho i-P yinkqubo yoxinzelelo kwi-Pa; I-S yindawo yamandla episton kwi-m².
Ngaloo ndlela, F = 1.6 × 10 ^ 6 × 0.084 = 134400 N.
Ke ngoko, amandla empembelelo kwi-drill bit:
F' = kF (6)
apho u-k ngumlinganiso wempembelelo; I-F yi-force eqhutywe kwi-drill bit by air compressed in N. Ngaloo ndlela, F' = 20 × 134400 = 2688 kN.
I-torque esetyenziswe kwi-DTH drill bit ngentloko ye-drive yi-N = 150 kN. Ukusebenzisa i-F' = 2688 kN kunye ne-N = 150 kN kwi-drill bit ngelixa ulungisa ubuso obuphantsi besiphelo se-drill bit, kunye nokusebenzisa izinto ze-QT500-7 kunye namandla esivuno se-320 MPa, uhlalutyo lwesici esilinganiselwe luyenziwa. Iimeko ezithile zokulayishwa kunye nezithintelo kunye nokwahlulahlulwa kwe-mesh kuboniswe kwiMifanekiso 4 kunye ne-5.
Iziphumo zohlalutyo lwezinto ezinqamlekileyo ziboniswa kwi-Figure 6, ebonisa ukuba uxinzelelo oluphezulu luyi-144.355 MPa, engaphantsi kwamandla okuvelisa i-QT500-7 (320 MPa), ngaloo ndlela ihlangabezana neemfuno.