Ukweqa Ikhodi Yokubhoboza I-Hard Rock: Ubuchwepheshe Be-DTH Eshintsha Igeyimu.

Ngokwezimo zejoloji yendawo yokwakha, kunezindlela ezine zokumba eziyinhloko ezivame ukusetshenziswa ama-drill rigs, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 1.

a. Amakhanda azungezayo aqhutshwa ngumoya noma nge-hydraulic ahlanganiswe nesisetshenziswa esinomthelela adlulisa amandla ajikelezayo kanye nomthelela phezuluipayipi lokubhoboza, ukuletha amandla ku-drill bit ngamagagasi athusayo epayipini lokubhoboza. Le ndlela ilinganiselwe kuma-diameters amancane kanye nokujula okungajulile futhi ngokuvamile isetshenziswa ezinkwalini, ezindaweni zokwakha, nasezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba.

b.Izando ze-Down-The-Hole (DTH). zitholakala ngaphansi kwentambo yokubhoboza. Umoya ocindezelwe ungena ku-DTH ngentambo yokubhoboza, ushayela ipiston ngokunyakaza okuphindaphindayo okuthinta ngokuqondile i-drill bit, idlulisele amandla omthelela edwaleni. Lolu hlelo lulahlekelwa amandla amancane futhi lufaneleka ngokukhethekile izimbobo ezijulile, izimbobo eziqondile, namatshe aqinile amaphakathi.

c.Ukubhola kwe-Reverse circulation (RC).isebenzisa i-DTH ukuze iqoqe futhi ithuthe amasampula edwala ebusweni bebhithi yokubhoboza. Izitshalo ezomile nezingangcolisiwe zidluliswa ngepayipi eliphakathi nendawo le-DTH liyiswe emshinini wokuqoqa isampula, lilungiselela ukuhlaziywa kwendawo.

d. Ibhokisi likagiya elishayelwa ama-hydraulic motors noma amamotho kagesi lakha ikhanda lamandla ajikelezayo, lisebenzisa amandla anele okuphakelayo ku-drill bitana yamakhoni amathathu ngesistimu yokuphakelayo ehamba phezulu naphansi emshinini wokubhoboza kanye nepayipi lokubhola eliwugqinsi. Le ndlela isetshenziselwa amatshe athambile noma amatshe aqinile ahlanganiswe ngokuqinile.

 

1. Izimiso kanye Nezimpawu ze-DTH

Ukwakheka okubholwe nge-DTH cishe kukwazi ukuhlanganisa wonke amadwala avuthayo, amatshe e-metamorphic, namadwala e-sedimentary aqinile-maphakathi noma aqinile. I-DTH inenzuzo ikakhulukazi ngokumba i-hard rock kanye ne-strata eqinile ngoba i-hard rock ivamise ukuba brittle. Ngaphansi kwemithwalo enomthelela, ukuphuka akwenzeki kuphela endaweni eqondile kodwa futhi kudala indawo ephukile, okuholela eziqephukeni ezinkulu zamatshe. Ngakho, ijubane lokumba lishesha kakhulu uma liqhathaniswa nokubhoboza okuhlanzekile okujikelezayo. Imodeli yomshini kuMfanekiso 2 ikhombisa imithwalo ehlukahlukene esebenza edwaleni ngesikhathi sokumba okuzuzisayo.

                                                             

Ukwengeza, ukubhoboza kwe-DTH (Down-the-Hole) kusebenza kahle kakhulu ekwakhekeni okujwayele ukuchezuka kwemigodi, njenge-strata enezindawo zokulala ezithuthuke kahle kanye ne-foliation, noma izingqimba zamadwala ezinobunzima obungalingani kanye nokuphuka okuningi. Kunganciphisa kakhulu ukuchezuka kwemigodi futhi kunqobe ubunzima bokubhoboza izingqimba zamatshe kanye nemibhede engamatshe.

 

I-DTH drilling yathuthukiswa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 futhi inomlando weminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu. Nakuba kunezinhlobo eziningi zokuzibhoboza kwe-DTH, zihlanganyela isici esivamile: kokubili umshini wokubhoboza kanye nocezu lokubhoboza kucwiliswa emgodini, ngokuzungezisa kuhlanganiswe nomthelela wokuphula idwala. Izinto ezisetshenziswa ukukhiqiza amandla okuthonya zingahlukaniswa ngendlela yazo yokushayela ibe yi-pneumatic, hydraulic, pressure kawoyela, ekagesi, nezinhlobo zemishini.

 

Njengoba amandla omthelela ebhekana nokulahlekelwa okukhulu ngesikhathi sokudlulisela futhi angabangela umonakalo omkhulu ezingxenyeni ezithintekile, ngokuvamile kuyadingeka emisebenzini yokumba ejulile ukuthi okokusebenza kungene emgodini ngethuluzi lokubhoboza, ukuze amandla omphumela okhiphayo akwazi ukusebenza ngokuqondile kubhithi lokubhola noma umphongolo ophakathi. Lokhu kunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwamandla ngesikhathi sokudlulisa, kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, futhi kunciphisa amathuba okuhluleka kwemishini yokugezela phansi.

I-Pneumatic DTH, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-DTH eshayelwa ngomoya, iza ngezinhlobo eziningi zesakhiwo nezindlela zokuhlukanisa.

- Ngokulinganisa ingcindezi: ingcindezi ephezulu, i-medium-pressure, nezinhlobo zokucindezela okuphansi.

- Ngesakhiwo esiphelele: ukungadlulisi nangezinhlobo.

- Ngomgomo wokusebenza kwe-valve: uhlobo lwe-valve yokulawula, uhlobo lwe-valve yamahhala, nohlobo lwe-valve eyi-hybrid.

- Ngesakhiwo se-piston: i-piston yobubanzi obulinganayo, i-piston yobubanzi obungalingani, nezinhlobo ze-tandem piston.

- Ngohlobo lokusabalalisa komoya: i-valve DTH kanye ne-DTH engena-valve. I-valve DTH ingahlukaniswa ibe yi-valve yepuleti, i-disc valve, nezinhlobo zama-valve angama-cylindrical, kuyilapho i-DTH engena-valve ingahlukaniswa ngohlobo lokukhipha induku ephakathi, uhlobo lokusabalalisa umoya we-piston, nokusatshalaliswa komoya okuhlanganisiwe nge-piston, isilinda, nenduku ephakathi.

- Ngokuwasha imigodi kanye nendlela yokukhipha i-slag: ukugeza izimbobo ezimaphakathi, ukugeza izimbobo zangaphambili, nokugeza imbobo eseceleni.

2. Ukunqunywa kwe-Impact Mechanism Structural Schemes

2.1 I-Piston Self-Gas Impact Mechanism Non-Valve Impact Mechanism

Lolu hlobo lomshini womthelela ngokuyinhloko lusebenzisa amaphaseji egesi ku-piston ngokwayo ukuze kutholakale igesi, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwe-piston eyinkimbinkimbi eneziteshi eziningi zegesi, ezinciphisa amandla e-piston nempilo yokuphila. Kodwa-ke, lo mshini womthelela uhlanganisa amasilinda angaphakathi nangaphandle, okwandisa indawo yokusebenza ephumelelayo ye-piston futhi kuthuthukise amandla omthelela womshini.

2.2 I-Piston ne-Cylinder Combined Gas Not-Valve Impact Mechanism

Lolu hlobo lunesakhiwo esilula okulula ukusikhiqiza, esinobude bokuphila kwepiston, futhi izimbobo zegesi zitholakala kukho kokubili isilinda nepiston. Lesi sakhiwo sisetshenziswa kabanzi emazweni angaphandle.

2.3 Uhlelo Lwemithelela Yepayipi Lepayipi Emaphakathi

Kulo mshini, amaphaseji okungenisa umoya emakamelweni aphezulu naphansi ahlelwa epayipini eliyindilinga lapho i-piston ishelela khona. Idinga ukunemba okuphezulu kokukhiqiza futhi inokuphila okufushane uma kuqhathaniswa kwepayipi eliphakathi nendawo.

2.4 ISide Exhaust Impact Mechanism

Okubizwa ngokuthi i-side exhaust kusho ukuthi indlela yegesi ephumayo iphuma emzimbeni we-cylinder kunokuba idlule phakathi nendawo ye-drill bit iye phansi kwembobo. Lolu hlobo lwendlela yokukhipha umthelela ngokuvamile lunezindlela eziningi zokudonsa nokukhipha umoya emzimbeni wesilinda, okuholela ekuqineni kwesakhiwo esibuthakathaka, okungenzeka kube nemifantu yokukhathala isikhathi eside, nokulahlekelwa okukhulu komfutho womoya, okuholela ekususweni kwemfucumfucu engafanele kanye nemiphumela yokupholisa ye-drill bit.

2.5 I-Center Exhaust Impact Mechanism

Lolu hlobo lwendlela yomthelela luxosha udoti negesi ngokuqondile kusukela phakathi nendawo yokubhoboza kuya phansi embobeni. Ukugeleza komoya okuqondile akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhipha imfucumfucu kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokubhola nokupholisa, kunwebe ubude besikhathi sebhithi yokubhoboza. Lolu hlobo lwesakhiwo luthatha indawo yemisele eminingi ye-longitudinal kusilinda sangaphakathi sendlela yokukhipha umoya oseceleni ngomsele we-annular, okunciphisa kakhulu ukugxila kwengcindezi kusilinda esingaphakathi. Sekuyisakhiwo esamukelwa kabanzi eminyakeni yamuva nje.

2.6 Uchungechunge lwe-Piston Impact Mechanism

I-series piston impact mechanism, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-dual-piston (ikhanda) impactor, ihlukanisa isilinda sibe amagumbi amabili kusetshenziswa indandatho yokuhlukanisa. Lo mklamo uvumela zombili ubuso be-piston ukuthi busebenze ngesikhathi esisodwa ngaphakathi kobubanzi obufanayo be-bore, okuholela kumandla omthelela omkhulu kanye nemvamisa yomthelela ephezulu. Ngokuhambisanayo, kunesistimu yokukhipha umoya ekabili ekhipha impushana yedwala ngaphansi komgodi. Kodwa-ke, i-drawback yayo eyinhloko yisakhiwo sayo esiyinkimbinkimbi kanye nesidingo sokunemba okuphezulu ezingxenyeni zomshini; isibonelo, i-piston inezindawo zokukhwelana ezingafika kwezihlanu ezinezingxenye ezihlobene, ezikhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwayo nokuphromotha. Ngakho-ke, lo mklamo wamukela inketho yesibili, okuyi-non-valve effect mechanism ene-piston kanye ne-cylinder ehlanganisiwe yegesi. Ukwakheka kwayo kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 3.

3.Ukuhlaziywa Kwethiyori kanye Nezibalo Ezifanele ze-DTH

3.1 Ukukhethwa kwamapharamitha asebenzayo**

3.1.1 Ubude Nesisindo Sesando: Umklamo wokuqala ucacisa ubude obungaphansi kuka-4500 mm nesisindo esingaphansi kuka-2500 kg.

3.1.2 Ububanzi Besando: Ububanzi besando obufanelekile bunqunywa ngokusekelwe kububanzi bokubhoboza, obusethwe ku-540 mm.

3.1.3 Ububanzi Bokubhoboza: Lokhu kubhekisela kububanzi bembobo yenqwaba, ngokuvamile obuphakathi kuka-550 mm no-600 mm.

3.1.4 Ukujula Kokubhoboza: Ngokwezidingo zokuklama inqwaba, lokhu kuvame ukuba phakathi kwamamitha ambalwa namamitha ayikhulu.

3.1.5 Isivinini Sokubhola: Ukumba i-DTH ngokuvamile kusebenza ngesivinini esiphansi sokuzungeza, ngokuvamile phakathi kuka-7 no-25 r/s.

3.1.6 I-Rotational Torque: Itorque enkulu yalo mklamo isethwe ku-150 kN·m.

 

3.2 Ukubalwa kwamapharamitha wokuklama

Amapharamitha wokuklama we-DTH, ikakhulukazi amapharamitha okusebenza kwempahla yomthelela ye-DTH, asebenza njengesisekelo somklamo womshini futhi achaze ukusebenza kwempahla ekhiqiziwe.

3.2.1 I-Design Pressure P Yezisetshenziswa Zomthelela

E-China, ingcindezi engu-0.49 MPa (cishe i-5 × 10^5 Pa) ikhethwa kabanzi njengezinga lokuklama lemishini yomthelela womoya. Uma kubhekwa ukuthi i-DTH yalo mklamo iyithuluzi elinamandla elingenawo amavalvu elinobubanzi obukhulu bokubhoboza nepiston esindayo, umfutho womoya ophakeme uzothuthukisa ukusebenza kahle. Ukwengeza, ama-compressor air-high-pressure ayanda, futhi ngokuhambisana nezinga le-ISO 5941-1979 lamazwe ngamazwe, ingcindezi yokuklama ye-1.6 MPa ikhethiwe.

3.2.2 Amandla Omthelela

Ku-DTH esetshenziselwa ukubhoboza izimbobo ezinkulu ezinobubanzi, amandla omthelela wokuklama angashintshashintsha kakhulu. Amandla omthelela walo mklamo abalwa kanje:

                                                 

3.2.3 Imvamisa Yomthelela

Ngokuvamile, ngaphansi kwamandla avamile, imvamisa yomthelela ilingana namandla okukhiphayo we-impactor. Kodwa-ke, lapho ubukhulu besilinda bulungisiwe, ukukhulisa imvamisa yomthelela kudinga ukuncishiswa kokushaywa kwepiston, okubuye kwehle amandla omthelela owodwa. Uma amandla omthelela owodwa ewela ngaphansi komkhawulo othile, ukukhulisa imvamisa ngeke kuveze imiphumela egculisayo yokuphulwa kwamadwala. Ngakho, ukukhethwa kwemvamisa yomthelela kuvinjwa amandla omthelela.

Nge-DTH ye-pneumatic esebenza ngengcindezi yokuklama engu-0.5 MPa, imvamisa akufanele idlule ku-16.8 Hz. Njengoba i-DTH isebenza ngengcindezi yokuklama phakathi kuka-0.5 no-2.5 ​​MPa, imvamisa yomthelela ingahluka kakhulu. Ukukhethwa kokuqala kokuvama komthelela kungabalwa ngale ndlela elandelayo:

f = 10.4 + 7.6P

(2) lapho u-P eyingcindezi yokuhlinzeka ngohlelo. Kulo mklamo, P = 1.6 MPa, ngakho-ke:

f = 10.4 + 7.6 × 1.6 = 22.5 Hz.

 

3.3 Idizayini Yepharamitha Yesakhiwo

Imingcele yesakhiwo eyinhloko ye-DTH ihlanganisa ububanzi be-cylinder bore, i-piston stroke, nobukhulu be-piston. Ukwenyusa i-diameter yesilinda kungathuthukisa kokubili amandla omthelela kanye nemvamisa, ngakho-ke ububanzi kufanele bukhuliswe ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo yosayizi wesakhiwo. Ngokuvamile, umehluko phakathi kwe-diameter yangaphandle ye-DTH kanye ne-bore diameter akufanele ibe ngaphansi kuka-15 kuya ku-20 mm, futhi i-casing yangaphandle ye-DTH akufanele ibe mncane kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, isilinganiso se-DTH cylinder diameter kuya kububanzi bokubhola ngokuvamile singaphezu kuka-0.5.

3.3.1 Ububanzi bokusebenza be-Cylinder kanye ne-Structural Stroke

Ububanzi bokusebenza D besilinda bungabalwa ngale ndlela elandelayo:

D = K × D(bore) = (0.57 - 0.68) × D(bore) (3)

Kulo mklamo, i-D(bore) = 600 mm, ngakho-ke i-D ithathwa njengo-360 mm. I-stroke yesakhiwo S ithathwa ngokomthetho njenge-S = 500 mm.

3.3.2 IMisa yePiston

Ubukhulu be-radial bepiston buvinjelwa usayizi nokwakheka kwesilinda, okuvumela amapiston alinganayo noma ahlukene. Ubukhulu bomugqa buncike esisindweni se-piston, esiphinde sihlobane nesivinini enaso lapho ishaya i-drill bit. Ngakho-ke, ukunquma ubukhulu besakhiwo sepiston kuyisici esiyinkimbinkimbi somklamo we-DTH. Ubuningi bepiston ye-DTH bungalinganiselwa ngale ndlela elandelayo:

m = 0.0205D^2.84 (4)

lapho m kuyisisindo se-piston ngo-kg; D wububanzi obusebenzayo besilinda ngo-cm.

Ukufaka esikhundleni sika-D = 36 ezithela: m = 540 kg.

I-DTH ikakhulukazi iqukethe isakhiwo sokudlulisa itorque kanye nendlela yomthelela womoya. Isakhiwo sokudlulisa i-torque sixhuma i-drill rod kanye ne-DTH, idlulisela amandla okusika nokudonsa okujikelezayo; i-pneumatic impact mechanism yenza umthelela, inikeze amandla e-axial kubhithi lokubhola lomthelela. Imininingwane yesakhiwo esithile ikhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 3.

Isakhiwo sokudlulisa i-torque sixhuma i-drill rod kanye ne- impactor. Ilunga elingaphezulu lixhuma ne-drill rod kanye ne- impactor ngemicu yamapayipi, ikakhulukazi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukucinana kwegesi kuyilapho idlulisela i-torque namandla okudonsa. I-valve yokuhlola ivimbela udaka namanzi ukuthi angangeni ku- impactor kanye ne-drill rod, elawulwa isiphethu. Isihlalo sokungenisa umoya esinenduku yokuphakela igesi sisebenza ukwethula umoya ocindezelwe kusilinda, kusize isenzo sokuphakela igesi kanye nesilinda nepiston, ngaleyo ndlela kuzuzwe ukutholakala kwegesi okuhlanganisiwe. Indandatho yokuphepha yasentwasahlobo ivimbela i-piston ukuthi ingasheleli iphume kusilinda lapho ishintsha i-drill bit.

3.4 Ukuhlaziywa Kwesici Esiphelele se-DTH Drill Bit

I-DTH drill bit ingaphansi kwamandla avela ku-piston kanye ne-torque kusukela ekhanda lokushayela. Amandla asetshenziswa ku-piston ngomoya ocindezelwe anikezwa:

F = P × S (5)

lapho u-P eyingcindezi yesistimu ku-Pa; I-S indawo yamandla yepiston ku-m².

Ngakho, F = 1.6 × 10^6 × 0.084 = 134400 N.

Ngakho-ke, amandla okubamba ku-drill bit:

F' = kF (6)

lapho u-k eyi-coefficient yomthelela; F amandla asetshenziswa ku-drill bit komoya ocindezelwe ku-N. Ngakho, F' = 20 × 134400 = 2688 kN.

I-torque esetshenziswa ku-DTH drill bit ngekhanda lokushayela ngu-N = 150 kN. Ukusebenzisa u-F' = 2688 kN kanye no-N = 150 kN endaweni yokubhoboza ngenkathi kulungiswa ubuso obuphansi bokugcina be-drill bit, futhi kusetshenziswa impahla ye-QT500-7 enamandla okukhiqiza angu-320 MPa, ukuhlaziywa kwesici esilinganiselwe kuyenziwa. Izimo eziqondile zokulayisha kanye nesithiyo kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwemeshi kuboniswa kuMfanekiso 4 no-5.

Imiphumela yokuhlaziywa kwesici esinqunyiwe kukhonjiswe ku-Figure 6, okubonisa ukuthi ukucindezeleka okukhulu yi-144.355 MPa, okungaphansi kwamandla okukhiqiza we-QT500-7 (320 MPa), ngaleyo ndlela ihlangabezana nezidingo.