Kuphwanya Code of Hard Rock Drilling: The Game-Changing DTH Technology.

Malinga ndi momwe chilengedwe chimakhalira pamalo omangawo, pali njira zinayi zazikulu zobowolera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pobowola, monga momwe zikusonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 1.

a. Mitu yozungulira yoyendetsedwa ndi pneumatic kapena hydraulic yophatikizidwa ndi zida zoyendera imatumiza mphamvu yozungulira komanso yogwira pamwamba pakubowola chitoliro, kupereka mphamvu ku kubowola pang'ono pogwiritsa ntchito mafunde odabwitsa mu chitoliro chobowola. Njira imeneyi imangokhala m’mamita ang’onoang’ono komanso osazama kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m’makwala, malo omangapo, ndiponso m’migodi ya pansi panthaka.

b.Nyundo za Down-The-Hole (DTH). zili pansi pa chingwe chobowola. Mpweya woponderezedwa umalowa mu DTH kudzera pa chingwe chobowola, ndikuyendetsa pisitoni mobwerezabwereza komwe kumakhudza pobowola, kusamutsira mphamvu ku thanthwe. Dongosololi limataya mphamvu pang'ono ndipo ndiloyenera makamaka pamabowo akuya, mabowo owongoka, ndi miyala yolimba yapakatikati.

c.Kubowola kwa reverse circulation (RC).amagwiritsa ntchito DTH kusonkhanitsa ndi kunyamula zitsanzo za miyala kuchokera kumabowo. Zodulidwa zouma komanso zosaipitsidwa zimatumizidwa kudzera pa chitoliro chapakati cha DTH kukhala chipangizo chosonkhanitsira chitsanzo, kukonzekera kusanthula kwachilengedwe.

d. Bokosi la giya loyendetsedwa ndi ma hydraulic kapena ma motors amagetsi limapanga mutu wamphamvu wozungulira, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yokwanira yodyetsera pobowola ma cone-tatu kudzera panjira yodyera yomwe imayenda m'mwamba ndi pansi pobowola ndi chitoliro chobowola cholimba. Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamiyala yofewa kapena miyala yolimba yolumikizana mwamphamvu.

 

1. Mfundo ndi Makhalidwe a DTH

Mapangidwe opangidwa ndi DTH amatha kuphatikizira miyala yonse yoyaka moto, miyala ya metamorphic, ndi miyala ya sedimentary yomwe ndi yapakati-yolimba kapena yolimba. DTH ndiyothandiza makamaka pobowola miyala yolimba komanso strata yolimba chifukwa miyala yolimba imakhala yolimba. Pansi pa katundu wokhudzidwa, kuthyoka sikungochitika pamalo okhudzidwa mwachindunji komanso kumapanga malo osweka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zidutswa zazikulu za miyala. Choncho, kuthamanga pobowola ndi mofulumira kwambiri poyerekeza ndi pobowola kozungulira. Makina opangidwa pachithunzi 2 akuwonetsa zonyamula zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimachitika pamwala pobowola mozungulira.

                                                             

Kuphatikiza apo, kubowola kwa DTH (Down-the-Hole) kumakhala kothandiza kwambiri pamapangidwe omwe amatha kupatuka kwa borehole, monga strata yokhala ndi zofunda zokulirapo komanso zofota, kapena zigawo zamiyala zolimba mosagwirizana komanso zothyoka zambiri. Ikhoza kuchepetsa kwambiri kupatuka kwa zitsime komanso kuthana ndi zovuta pakuboola miyala ndi mabedi amiyala.

 

Kubowola kwa DTH kudapangidwa kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 ndipo kuli ndi mbiri yopitilira zaka zana. Ngakhale pali mitundu yambiri ya zobowola za DTH, zimagawana chinthu chimodzi: zonse zomwe zimagwirira ntchito komanso pobowola zimamizidwa mubowo, ndikuzungulira komanso kukhudza kuswa thanthwe. Zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mphamvu zowononga zitha kugawidwa m'magulu amtundu wa pneumatic, hydraulic, mafuta, magetsi, ndi makina.

 

Popeza mphamvu yamphamvu imawonongeka kwambiri panthawi yopatsirana ndipo imatha kuwononga kwambiri zinthu zomwe zakhudzidwa, nthawi zambiri pamafunika pobowola mozama kuti zidazo zilowe m'bowolo ndi chida chobowola, kuti mphamvu yotulutsa imatha kuchitapo kanthu mwachindunji pabowolo kapena mbiya yayikulu. Izi zimachepetsa kutayika kwa mphamvu panthawi yotumizira, kumapangitsa kuti mphamvu zamagetsi zikhale bwino, komanso zimachepetsa mwayi wa kuwonongeka kwa zida zapansi.

Pneumatic DTH, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti DTH yoyendetsedwa ndi mpweya, imabwera m'mitundu yambiri komanso njira zogawa.

- Potengera kukakamiza: mitundu yothamanga kwambiri, yapakati-pakatikati, komanso yotsika.

- Mwa mawonekedwe onse: osadutsa ndi mitundu.

- Pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo ya valve: mtundu wa valve yolamulira, mtundu wa valve waulere, ndi mtundu wa valavu wosakanizidwa.

- Mwa kapangidwe ka pisitoni: pistoni yofanana m'mimba mwake, pistoni yofanana m'mimba mwake, ndi mitundu ya pistoni ya tandem.

- Mwa mtundu wogawa mpweya: DTH yotsekedwa ndi DTH yopanda valve. Valve DTH ikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu a valve, valavu ya disc, ndi mitundu ya valavu ya cylindrical, pamene DTH yopanda valve ikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu apakati a ndodo, mtundu wa mpweya wa pistoni, ndi kugawa kwa mpweya ndi pistoni, silinda, ndi ndodo yapakati.

- Mwa kutsuka mabowo ndi njira yotulutsira slag: kutsuka mabowo apakati, kutsuka mabowo akutsogolo, ndi kutsuka mabowo am'mbali.

2. Kutsimikiza kwa Impact Mechanism Structural Schemes

2.1 Piston Self-Gas Supply Non Valve Impact Mechanism

Njira yamtunduwu imagwiritsa ntchito ndime za gasi mu pisitoni yokhayo popereka mpweya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pisitoni ikhale yovuta kwambiri yokhala ndi njira zambiri zamagesi, zomwe zimachepetsa mphamvu ya pistoni komanso moyo wautali. Komabe, makina okhudzidwawa amaphatikiza masilindala amkati ndi akunja, kukulitsa malo ogwirira ntchito a pistoni ndikuwonjezera mphamvu yamakina.

2.2 Piston ndi Cylinder Combined Gas Supply Non-Valve Impact Mechanism

Mtundu uwu umakhala ndi mawonekedwe osavuta omwe ndi osavuta kupanga, amakhala ndi moyo wautali wa pistoni, ndipo mabowo amafuta amakhala pa silinda ndi pisitoni. Nyumbayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kunja.

2.3 Njira Yothandizira Gasi ya Paipi Yopanda Valve

Mu njira iyi, ndime zolowera mpweya zipinda zapamwamba ndi zapansi zimakonzedwa pa chitoliro chozungulira pomwe pisitoni imayenda. Pamafunika mkulu kupanga mwatsatanetsatane ndipo ali ndi moyo waufupi kwa chitoliro chapakati.

2.4 Njira Yothetsera M'mbali ya Exhaust Impact

Zomwe zimatchedwa mbali yotulutsa mpweya zimatanthawuza kuti njira ya gasi yotulutsa mpweya imatuluka mu thupi la silinda kusiyana ndi kudutsa pakati pa kubowola mpaka pansi pa dzenje. Njira yamtunduwu nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi njira zambiri zolowera ndi utsi pa thupi la silinda, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisamangidwe bwino, zomwe zimatha ming'alu ya kutopa kwa nthawi yayitali, komanso kutsika kwamphamvu kwa mpweya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinyalala zichotsedwe komanso kuziziritsa pobowola.

2.5 Center Exhaust Impact Mechanism

Njira yamtunduwu imathamangitsa zinyalala ndi mpweya mwachindunji kuchokera pakati pa kubowola mpaka pansi pa dzenje. Kuyenda kwa mpweya wolunjika sikumangowonjezera mphamvu yochotsa zinyalala komanso kumathandizira pobowola bwino komanso kuziziritsa, kumatalikitsa moyo wakubowola. Mapangidwe amtunduwu amalowa m'malo mwa ma grooves angapo amkati mwa silinda yamkati yamagetsi am'mbali okhala ndi poyambira, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri kupsinjika kwa silinda yamkati. Yakhala yovomerezeka kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa.

2.6 Series Piston Impact Mechanism

Makina amtundu wa piston, womwe umadziwikanso kuti dual-piston (mutu) impactor, umagawaniza silinda m'zipinda ziwiri pogwiritsa ntchito mphete yodzipatula. Kapangidwe kameneka kamalola kuti nkhope zonse ziwiri za pistoni zizigwira ntchito nthawi imodzi m'mimba mwake momwemo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mphamvu zokulirapo komanso kuchuluka kwamphamvu. Mofananamo, pali njira yapawiri yotulutsa mpweya yomwe imachotsa bwino ufa wa miyala pansi pa dzenje. Komabe, drawback yake yaikulu ndi dongosolo lake zovuta ndi kufunika mkulu mwatsatanetsatane mbali Machining; mwachitsanzo, pisitoni imakhala ndi malo okwera asanu omwe amalumikizana nawo, zomwe zimalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwake ndi kukwezedwa. Choncho, kamangidwe kameneka kamagwiritsa ntchito njira yachiwiri, yomwe ndi njira yopanda valavu yokhala ndi pisitoni ndi silinda yophatikizira gasi. Kapangidwe kake kakuwonetsedwa pa chithunzi 3.

3.Kusanthula kwamalingaliro ndi kuwerengera koyenera kwa DTH

3.1 Kusankhidwa kwa magawo ogwiritsira ntchito**

3.1.1 Utali wa Nyundo ndi Kulemera kwake: Kapangidwe koyambirira kumatanthawuza kutalika kochepera 4500 mm ndi kulemera kosakwana 2500 kg.

3.1.2 Hammer Diameter: Chidutswa choyenera cha nyundo chimatsimikiziridwa kutengera kukula kwa kubowola, komwe kumakhala 540 mm.

3.1.3 Kubowola Diameter: Izi zikutanthauza kukula kwa dzenje la mulu, nthawi zambiri pakati pa 550 mm ndi 600 mm.

3.1.4 Kuzama Kobowola: Malingana ndi zofunikira za mapangidwe a milu, izi zimakhala pakati pa khumi ndi awiri mamita ndi mamita zana.

3.1.5 Kubowola Kuthamanga: Kubowola kwa DTH nthawi zambiri kumagwira ntchito pang'onopang'ono mozungulira, makamaka pakati pa 7 ndi 25 r / s.

3.1.6 Torque Yozungulira: Kuthamanga kwakukulu kwa mapangidwe awa kumayikidwa pa 150 kN · m.

 

3.2 Kuwerengera kwa Parameters Design

Mapangidwe a DTH, makamaka magawo a magwiridwe antchito a zida za DTH, amakhala ngati maziko opangira makina ndikutanthauzira magwiridwe antchito a zida zopangidwa.

3.2.1 Design Pressure P ya Zida Zothandizira

Ku China, kupanikizika kwa 0.49 MPa (pafupifupi 5 × 10 ^ 5 Pa) kumasankhidwa mochuluka monga momwe amapangidwira zipangizo zogwiritsira ntchito pneumatic. Popeza kuti DTH pamapangidwe awa ndi chipangizo chopanda ma valve chomwe chili ndi m'mimba mwake waukulu wobowola ndi pistoni yolemera, kuthamanga kwa mpweya kumawonjezera magwiridwe antchito. Kuphatikiza apo, ma compressor amphamvu kwambiri akuchulukirachulukira, ndipo malinga ndi muyezo wapadziko lonse wa ISO 5941-1979, kukakamizidwa kwa mapangidwe a 1.6 MPa kumasankhidwa.

3.2.2 Mphamvu Yamphamvu

Kwa DTH yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kubowola mabowo akulu akulu, mphamvu zamapangidwe zimatha kusinthasintha kwambiri. Mphamvu yamphamvu pamapangidwe awa amawerengedwa motere:

                                                 

3.2.3 Kuchuluka kwa Zotsatira

Nthawi zambiri, pansi pa mphamvu zomwe zimakhudzidwa nthawi zonse, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu kumayenderana ndi mphamvu yotulutsa champhamvu. Komabe, kukula kwa silinda ikakhazikika, kuchulukitsa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu kumafuna kuchepetsedwa kwa sitiroko ya pisitoni, yomwe imachepetsa mphamvu yamphamvu imodzi. Mphamvu yamphamvu imodzi ikatsika pang'ono pang'onopang'ono, kuchulukitsitsa sikungabweretse zotsatira zosweka. Choncho, kusankha kwafupipafupi kukhudzidwa kumayendetsedwa ndi mphamvu yamphamvu.

Kwa DTH ya pneumatic yomwe ikugwira ntchito pamapangidwe a 0.5 MPa, mafupipafupi sayenera kupitirira 16.8 Hz. Popeza DTH imagwira ntchito pamapangidwe apakati pa 0.5 ndi 2.5 MPa, ma frequency amakhudzidwa amatha kusiyana kwambiri. Kusankhidwa koyamba kwa ma frequency a impactor kutha kuwerengedwa motere:

f = 10.4 + 7.6P

(2) pomwe P ndiye mphamvu yoperekera dongosolo. Pamapangidwe awa, P = 1.6 MPa, chifukwa chake:

f = 10,4 + 7.6 × 1.6 = 22.5 Hz.

 

3.3 Mapangidwe a Parameter Yamapangidwe

Magawo akuluakulu a DTH akuphatikiza kukula kwa silinda, silinda ya piston, ndi miyeso ya pistoni. Kuchulukitsa kukula kwa silinda kumatha kukulitsa mphamvu ndi ma frequency, motero m'mimba mwake uyenera kukulitsidwa molingana ndi kukula kwake. Kawirikawiri, kusiyana pakati pa kunja kwa DTH ndi m'mimba mwake sikuyenera kukhala pansi pa 15 mpaka 20 mm, ndipo kunja kwa DTH kuyenera kukhala kochepa kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, chiŵerengero cha DTH silinda awiri mpaka pobowola awiri nthawi zambiri chimakhala choposa 0.5.

3.3.1 Kugwira Ntchito Diameter ya Cylinder ndi Stroke Structural Stroke

Diyomita yogwira ntchito D ya silinda ikhoza kuwerengedwa motere:

D = K × D(bore) = (0.57 - 0.68) × D(kubereka) (3)

Kwa mapangidwe awa, D (bore) = 600 mm, kotero D imatengedwa ngati 360 mm. The sitiroko structural S amatengedwa empirically monga S = 500 mm.

3.3.2 Misa ya Piston

Ma radial miyeso ya pistoni amakakamizidwa ndi kukula ndi kapangidwe ka silinda, kulola ma pistoni ofanana kapena osiyana. Mizere yozungulira imadalira kulemera kwa pisitoni, komwe kumagwirizananso ndi liwiro lomwe imakhala nayo pomenya pobowola. Chifukwa chake, kudziwa kukula kwa pisitoni ndizovuta kwambiri pamapangidwe a DTH. Kuchuluka kwa pisitoni ya DTH kungayerekezedwe motere:

m = 0.0205D^2.84 (4)

pamene m ndi kulemera kwa pistoni mu kg; D ndiye kukula kwa silinda mu cm.

Kulowetsa D = 36 zokolola: m = 540 kg.

DTH makamaka imakhala ndi mawonekedwe otumizira ma torque komanso makina amakomedwe a pneumatic. Mawonekedwe otumizira makokedwe amalumikiza ndodo yobowola ndi DTH, kutumiza mphamvu zodulira ndi kukoka mozungulira; makina a pneumatic impact amapanga mphamvu, kupereka mphamvu ya axial ku bowola lokhudzidwa. Tsatanetsatane wa kamangidwe kawonekedwe kazithunzi 3.

Kapangidwe ka ma torque amalumikiza ndodo yobowola ndi impactor. Cholowa chakumtunda chimalumikizana ndi ndodo yobowola ndi chopondera kudzera mu ulusi wa chitoliro, makamaka kuwonetsetsa kulimba kwa gasi ndikutumiza torque ndi kukoka mphamvu. Valve yowunikira imalepheretsa matope ndi madzi kulowa mu impactor ndi kubowola ndodo, yoyendetsedwa ndi kasupe. Mpando wolowetsa mpweya wokhala ndi ndodo yoperekera mpweya umagwira ntchito poyambitsa mpweya woponderezedwa mu silinda, kutsogoza kaphatikizidwe ka gasi limodzi ndi silinda ndi pisitoni, potero zimakwaniritsa kuphatikiza kwa gasi. Mphete yoteteza masika imalepheretsa pisitoni kuti isatuluke mu silinda ikasintha pobowola.

3.4 Finite Element Analysis ya DTH Drill Bit

Kubowola kwa DTH kumayendetsedwa ndi mphamvu kuchokera pa pistoni ndi torque kuchokera pamutu woyendetsa. Mphamvu yoperekedwa pa pisitoni ndi mpweya woponderezedwa imaperekedwa ndi:

F = P × S (5)

kumene P ndiye kupanikizika kwa dongosolo mu Pa; S ndiye gawo lamphamvu la pistoni mu m².

Choncho, F = 1.6 × 10^6 × 0.084 = 134400 N.

Chifukwa chake, mphamvu yamphamvu pabowola ndi:

F' = kF (6)

pamene k ndi mphamvu ya mphamvu; F ndi mphamvu yogwiritsidwa ntchito pobowola ndi mpweya woponderezedwa mu N. Choncho, F' = 20 × 134400 = 2688 kN.

Makokedwe omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pobowola DTH ndi mutu wagalimoto ndi N = 150 kN. Kugwiritsa ntchito F' = 2688 kN ndi N = 150 kN pobowola pobowola ndikukonza kumunsi kwa nkhope yobowola, ndikugwiritsa ntchito QT500-7 zakuthupi zokhala ndi mphamvu zokolola za 320 MPa, kusanthula komaliza kumachitidwa. Kuyika kwapadera ndi zolepheretsa ndi magawo a ma mesh akuwonetsedwa pazithunzi 4 ndi 5.

Zotsatira za kusanthula kwazinthu zomaliza zikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 6, kusonyeza kuti kupanikizika kwakukulu ndi 144.355 MPa, yomwe ili yochepa kuposa mphamvu zokolola za QT500-7 (320 MPa), motero kukwaniritsa zofunikira.